সাহায্য:আধ্বব
(উইকিপিডিয়া:আইপিএ থেকে পুনর্নির্দেশিত)
| পরিচ্ছেদসমূহ: | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z সহায়ক চিহ্ন |
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প্রধান প্রতীকের তালিকা সম্পাদনা
The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.
| প্রতীক | উদাহরণ | বর্ণনা |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
| [a] (ⓘ) | জার্মান Mann, ফরাসি gare | For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father. |
| [ä] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 他 tā, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি father, স্পেনীয় casa, ফরাসি patte | |
| [ɐ] (ⓘ) | RP cut, জার্মান Kaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
| [ɑ] (ⓘ) | RP father, ফরাসি pâte, Dutch bad | |
| [ɑ̃] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি Caen, sans, temps | অনুনাসিক [ɑ]. |
| [ɒ] (ⓘ) | RP cot | Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
| [ʌ] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি cut | Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].) |
| [æ] (ⓘ) | RP cat | |
| B | ||
| [b] (ⓘ) | English babble | |
| [ɓ] (ⓘ) | সোয়াহিলি bwana | Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants. |
| [β] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", কোরীয় 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa | Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed. |
| [ʙ] (ⓘ) | Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" | Sputtering. |
| C | ||
| [c] (ⓘ) | তুর্কি kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", গ্রীক και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like হিন্দি. |
| [ç] (ⓘ) | জার্মান Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
| [ɕ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana | More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she. |
| [ɔ] (ⓘ) | see under O | |
| D | ||
| [d] (ⓘ) | English dad | |
| [ɗ] (ⓘ) | সোয়াহিলি Dodoma | Like [d] said with a gulp. |
| [ɖ] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি harder | Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ð] (ⓘ) | English the, bathe | |
| [dz] (ⓘ) | English adds, Italian zero | |
| [dʒ] (ⓘ) | English judge | |
| [dʑ] (ⓘ) | Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [dʐ] (ⓘ) | Polish dżem "jam" | Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| E | ||
| [e] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় fe; ফরাসি clé, জার্মান Klee | Similar to English hey, before the y sets in. |
| [ɘ] (ⓘ) | Australian English bird | |
| [ə] (ⓘ) | English above, হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
| [ɚ] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি runner | |
| [ɛ] (ⓘ) | English bet | |
| [ɛ̃] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি Saint-Étienne, vin, main | অনুনাসিক [ɛ]. |
| [ɜ] (ⓘ) | RP bird (long) | |
| [ɝ] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি bird | |
| F | ||
| [f] (ⓘ) | English fun | |
| [ɟ] (ⓘ) | see under J | |
| [ʄ] (ⓘ) | see under J | |
| G | ||
| [ɡ] (ⓘ) | English gag | (Should look like  . No different from a Latin "g")
|
| [ɠ] (ⓘ) | সোয়াহিলি Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
| [ɢ] (ⓘ) | Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some আরবি dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi. | |
| [ʒ] (ⓘ) | see under Z | English beige. |
| H | ||
| [h] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি house | |
| [ɦ] (ⓘ) | English ahead, when said quickly. | |
| [ʰ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to ফরাসি or স্পেনীয় [t]. | |
| [ħ] (ⓘ) | আরবি مُحَمَّد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
| [ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) | see under Y | |
| [ɮ] (ⓘ) | see under L | |
| I | ||
| [i] (ⓘ) | English sea, ফরাসি ville, স্পেনীয় Valladolid | |
| [ɪ] (ⓘ) | English sit | |
| [ɨ] (ⓘ) | রুশ ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
| J | ||
| [j] (ⓘ) | English yes, hallelujah, জার্মান Junge | |
| [ʲ] | In রুশ Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
| [ʝ] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
| [ɟ] (ⓘ) | তুর্কি gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like হিন্দি. |
| [ʄ] (ⓘ) | সোয়াহিলি jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
| K | ||
| [k] (ⓘ) | English kick, skip | |
| L | ||
| [l] (ⓘ) | English leaf | |
| [ɫ] (ⓘ) | English wool রুশ малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" |
"Dark" el. |
| [ɬ] (ⓘ) | Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" |
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
| [ɭ] (ⓘ) | Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
| [ɺ] (অডিও ফাইল "Alveolar lateral flap.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
| [ɮ] (ⓘ) | Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
| M | ||
| [m] (ⓘ) | English mime | |
| [ɱ] (ⓘ) | English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
| [ɯ] (ⓘ) | see under W | |
| [ʍ] (ⓘ) | see under W | |
| N | ||
| [n] (ⓘ) | English nun | |
| [ŋ] (ⓘ) | English sing, Māori nga | |
| [ɲ] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় Peña, ফরাসি champagne | Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
| [ɳ] (ⓘ) | হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɴ] (ⓘ) | Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
| O | ||
| [o] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় no, ফরাসি eau, জার্মান Boden | Somewhat reminiscent of মার্কিনি ইংরেজি no. |
| [ɔ] (ⓘ) | জার্মান Oldenburg, ফরাসি Garonne | |
| [ɔ̃] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি Lyon, son | অনুনাসিক [ɔ]. |
| [ø] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি feu, bœufs, জার্মান Goethe | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
| [ɵ] (ⓘ) | Dutch hut, ফরাসি je, Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the ফরাসি vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩. |
| [œ] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি bœuf, seul, জার্মান Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
| [œ̃] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি brun, parfum | অনুনাসিক [œ]. |
| [ɶ] (ⓘ) | ||
| [θ] (ⓘ) | see under Others | |
| [ɸ] (ⓘ) | see under Others | |
| P | ||
| [p] (ⓘ) | English pip | |
| Q | ||
| [q] (ⓘ) | আরবি قُرْآن Qur’ān | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
| R | ||
| [r] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.) |
| [ɾ] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
| [ʀ] (ⓘ) | Dutch rood and জার্মান rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of ফরাসি. |
| [ɽ] (ⓘ) | হিন্দি साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
| [ɹ] (ⓘ) | RP borrow | |
| [ɻ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", মার্কিনি ইংরেজি borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
| [ʁ] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি Paris, জার্মান Riemann (some dialects) | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
| S | ||
| [s] (ⓘ) | English sass | |
| [ʃ] (ⓘ) | English shoe | |
| [ʂ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 少林 (Shàolín), রুশ Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| T | ||
| [t] (ⓘ) | English tot, stop | |
| [ʈ] (ⓘ) | হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ts] (ⓘ) | English cats, রুশ царь tsar | |
| [tʃ] (ⓘ) | English church | |
| [tɕ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 北京 Běijīng (ⓘ), Polish ciebie "you" | Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [tʂ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| U | ||
| [u] (ⓘ) | মার্কিনি ইংরেজি food, ফরাসি vous "you", জার্মান Schumacher | |
| [ʊ] (ⓘ) | English foot, জার্মান Bundesrepublik | |
| [ʉ] (ⓘ) | Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
| [ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) | see under Y | |
| [ɯ] (ⓘ) | see under W | |
| V | ||
| [v] (ⓘ) | English verve | |
| [ʋ] (ⓘ) | হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some জার্মানs and রুশs for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
| [ɤ] (ⓘ) | see under Y | |
| [ɣ] (ⓘ) | see under Y | |
| [ʌ] (ⓘ) | see under A | |
| W | ||
| [w] (ⓘ) | English wow | |
| [ʷ] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain | |
| [ʍ] (ⓘ) | what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
| [ɯ] (ⓘ) | তুর্কি kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
| [ɰ] (ⓘ) | স্পেনীয় agua | |
| X | ||
| [x] (ⓘ) | Scottish English loch, জার্মান Bach, রুশ хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", স্পেনীয় joven | between [k] and [h] |
| [χ] (ⓘ) | northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some জার্মান and আরবি speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
| Y | ||
| [y] (ⓘ) | ফরাসি rue, জার্মান Bülow | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
| [ʏ] (ⓘ) | জার্মান Düsseldorf | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
| [ɣ] (ⓘ) | আরবি غَالِي ghālī and সোয়াহিলি ghali "expensive", স্পেনীয় suegro | Sounds rather like ফরাসি [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h]. |
| [ɤ] (ⓘ) | ম্যান্ডারিন 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
| [ʎ] (ⓘ) | Italian tagliatelle | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
| [ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) | ফরাসি lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
| Z | ||
| [z] (ⓘ) | English zoo | |
| [ʒ] (ⓘ) | English vision, ফরাসি journal | |
| [ʑ] (ⓘ) | old-styled রুশ позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
| [ʐ] (ⓘ) | রুশ жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɮ] (ⓘ) | see under L | |
| Others | ||
| [θ] (ⓘ) | English thigh, bath | |
| [ɸ] (ⓘ) | 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
| [ʔ] (ⓘ) | English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, জার্মান die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩]. |
| [ʕ] (ⓘ) | আরবি عَرَبِيّ ʻarabī "আরবি" | A light sound deep in the throat. |
| [ǀ] (ⓘ) | English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
| [ǁ] (ⓘ) | English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
| [ǃ] (ⓘ) | Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]. |
| [ʘ] (ⓘ) | ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two" | Like a kissing sound. |
| [ǂ] (ⓘ) | Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth" | Like an imitation of a chewing sound. |
সহায়ক চিহ্ন সম্পাদনা
বহু চিহ্ন বর্ণের উপরে, নিচে, আগে বা পরে যোগ করা যেতে পারে। এখানে a বর্ণের সাথে এই চিহ্নগুলিকে ব্যবহার করে দেখানো হয়েছে। সম্পূর্ণ তালিকার জন্য দেখুন আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালা § সহায়ক চিহ্ন।
| প্রতীক | উদাহরণ | বর্ণনা |
|---|---|---|
| বর্ণের উপর ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন | ||
| [ã] | French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" | A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang. |
| [ä] | Portuguese vá [vä] "go" | A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back. |
| বর্ণের নিচে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন | ||
| [a̯] | English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].) |
| [n̥] | English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯]
(see also) |
Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa. |
| [n̩] | English button | A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.) |
| [d̪] | Spanish dos, French deux | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English. |
| বর্ণের পাশে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন | ||
| [kʰ] | English come | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]. |
| [k’] | Zulu ukuza "come" | Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]. |
| [aː] | English shh! [ʃː] | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc. |
| [aˑ] | RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].) |
| [ˈa] | pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] |
Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. |
| [ˌa] | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. | |
| [.] | English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp] | Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off) |
তথ্যসূত্র সম্পাদনা
বহিঃসংযোগ সম্পাদনা
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