হলুদমুখো সামুদ্রিক কেউটে
মালয়শিয়ার হলুদমুখো সামুদ্রিক কেউটে
বৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণীবিন্যাস সম্পাদনা করুন
জগৎ/রাজ্য: অ্যানিম্যালিয়া (Animalia)
পর্ব: কর্ডাটা
শ্রেণি: রেপটিলিয়া (Reptilia)
বর্গ: Squamata
উপবর্গ: সারপেন্টস (Serpentes)
পরিবার: এলাপিডি(Elapidae)
গণ: Laticauda
(স্টেইনেজার, ১৯০৭)
প্রজাতি: L. colubrina
দ্বিপদী নাম
Laticauda colubrina
(স্টেইনেজার, ১৯০৭)
প্রতিশব্দ[২]

হলুদমুখো সামুদ্রিক কেউটে (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম:Laticauda colubrina, উচ্চারণ: ল্যাটিকাউডা কলুব্রিনা) (বলয়ী সামুদ্রিক কেউটে'কলুব্রাইন' সামুদ্রিক কেউটে নামেও পরিচিত) ভৌগোলিকভাবে ভারতপ্রশান্ত মহাসাগর অঞ্চলে বিস্তৃত একটি বিষধর সামুদ্রিক সাপের প্রজাতি। এটি এলাপিডি পরিবারের অন্তর্ভূক্ত। সাপটির বহিরাবরণে স্বতন্ত্র ও অন্য সামুদ্রিক সাপ হতে পার্থক্যসূচক কালো রঙের বলয় বা ডোরা, মুখের নিম্নাংশে হলুদ থুতনি এবং সাঁতারে ব্যবহারের জন্য প্যাডেলের মতো চ্যাপ্টা লেজ রয়েছে। জীবদ্দশার বেশিরভাগ শিকার ধরা ও খাদ্য সংস্থানের জন্য সমুদ্রের তলদেশে কাটালেও খাবার হজম, বিশ্রাম ও জননক্রিয়ার জন্য এটি উপকূলীয় ভূমিতে ফিরে আসে। সাপটিতে খুব শক্তিশালী নিউরোটক্সিক বিষ রয়েছে যাদিয়ে এটি ইল এবং ছোট মাছ শিকার করে। ভূমির প্রতি তাদের অনুরাগের কারণে প্রজাতিটি প্রায়ই মানুষের মুখোমুখি হয়, তবে সাপগুলি আচরণগতভাবে নিরীহ এবং কেবল হুমকি বোধ করলেই আক্রমণাত্মক হয়।

বর্ণনা সম্পাদনা

The characteristic yellow snout and paddle-like tail of L. colubrina, Zamboanguita, Philippines

হলুদমুখো সামুদ্রিক কেউটে'র মাথা কৃষ্ণ বর্ণের। মাথার পাশাপাশি প্বার্শীয় নাসারন্ধ্র ও শীরতালুতে অবিভক্ত আশযুক্ত। উপরের ঠোঁট ও প্রলম্বিত নাসা বৈশিষ্ট্যগতভাবে হলুদ রঙের। হলুদ রঙ দুই চোখের পেছনে, মাথা টেম্পোরাল আশ পর্যন্ত বর্ধিত।[৩]

 
Scales of the head of L. colubrina

The body of the snake is subcylindrical, and is taller than it is wide. It has an upper surface that is typically a shade of blueish gray, while the belly is yellowish, with wide ventral scales that stretch from a third to more than half of the width of the body. Black rings of about uniform width are present throughout the length of the snake, but the rings narrow or are interrupted at the belly. The midbody is covered with 21 to 25 longitudinal rows of imbricate (overlapping) dorsal scales.[৩] The dorsal and lateral scales can be used to differentiate between this species and the similarly yellow lipped New Caledonian sea krait, which typically has fewer rows of scales and scales that narrow or fail to meet (versus the yellow-lipped sea krait's ventrally meeting dark bands).[৪] The tail of the snake is paddle-shaped and adapted to swimming.[৫]

দেহ উপ-নলাকার, প্রস্থের চেয়ে লম্বায় দীর্ঘায়িত। উপরের পৃষ্ঠ সাধারণত নীলাভ ধূসর রঙের হয়, পেট হলদেটে, উদরীয় আশ দিয়ে আবৃত, যা শরীরের প্রস্থের এক তৃতীয়াংশ থেকে অর্ধেকেরও বেশি প্রসারিত হয়। সাপের পুরো শরীরের পুরো দৈর্ঘ্য জুড়ে সমান প্রস্থের কালো রঙের বলয় থাকে। পেটের বলয়গুলি প্রস্থে ছোট, সরু ও ক্ষেত্রবিশেষে অনিয়মিত আকারের হয়ে থাকে।

On average, the total length of a male is ৮৭৫ মিমি (৩৪.৪ ইঞ্চি) long, with a ১৩০ মিমি (৫.১ ইঞ্চি) long tail. Females are significantly larger, with an average total length of ১,৪২০ মিমি (৫৬ ইঞ্চি) and a tail length of ১৪৫ মিমি (৫.৭ ইঞ্চি).[৩]

বিস্তৃতি ও বাসস্থান সম্পাদনা

The yellow-lipped sea krait is widespread throughout the eastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. It can be found from the eastern coast of India, along the coast of the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh, Myanmar and other parts of Southeast Asia, to the Malay Archipelago and to some parts of southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The species is also common on Fiji and other Pacific islands within its range. Vagrant individuals have been recorded in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.[১] Six specimens have been found around the North Island of New Zealand between 1880 and 2005, suspected to have come from populations based in Fiji and Tonga.[৪] It is the most common sea krait identified in New Zealand, and second most seen sea snake after the yellow-bellied sea snake - common enough to be considered a native species, protected under the Wildlife Act 1953.[৪]

বিষ সম্পাদনা

The venom of this elapid, Laticauda colubrina, is a very powerful neurotoxic protein, with a subcutaneous LD50 in mice of 0.45 mg/kg body weight.[৬] The venom is an α-neurotoxin that disrupts synapses by competing with acetylcholine for receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, similar to erabutoxins and α-bungarotoxins.[৭] In mice, lethal venom doses cause lethargy, flaccid paralysis, and convulsions in quick succession before death. Dogs injected with lethal doses produced symptoms consistent with fatal hypertension and cyanosis observed in human sea snake bite victims.[৬]

Some varieties of eels, which are a primary food source for yellow-lipped sea kraits, may have coevolved resistance to yellow-lipped sea krait venom.[৮] Gymnothorax moray eels taken from the Caribbean, where yellow-lipped sea kraits are not endemic, died after injection with doses as small as 0.1 mg/kg body weight, but Gymnothorax individuals taken from New Guinea, where yellow-lipped sea kraits are endemic, were able to tolerate doses as large as 75 mg/kg without severe injury.[৯]

আচরণ সম্পাদনা

Yellow-lipped sea krait swallowing a moray eel

Yellow-lipped sea kraits are semiaquatic. Juveniles stay in water and on adjacent coast, but adults are able to move further inland and spend half their time on land and half in the ocean. Adult males are more terrestrially active during mating and hunt in shallower water, requiring more terrestrial locomotive ability. On the other hand, adult females are less active on land during mating and hunt in deeper water, requiring more aquatic locomotive ability. Because males are smaller, they crawl and swim faster than females.[৫]

Body adaptations, especially a paddle-like tail, help yellow-lipped sea kraits to swim. These adaptations are also found in more distantly related sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) because of convergent evolution. However, because of the differences in motion between crawling and swimming, these same adaptations impede the snake's terrestrial motion. On dry land, a yellow-lipped sea krait can still move, but, on average, at only slightly more than a fifth of its swimming speed. In contrast, most other non-Laticauda sea snakes are virtually stranded on dry land.[৫]

When hunting, yellow-lipped sea kraits frequently head into deep water far from land, but return to land in order to digest, shed skin, and reproduce. Individual yellow-lipped sea kraits return to their specific home islands, exhibiting philopatry. One study found that when yellow-lipped sea kraits on Fijian islands were relocated to different islands 5.3 km away, all recaptured individuals were found on their home islands in an average of 30.7 days.[১০]

Yellow-lipped sea kraits collected near the tip of Borneo had heavy tick infections.[১১]

শিকার ও খাদ্যাভ্যাস সম্পাদনা

Hunting is often performed alone, but L. colubrina may also do so in large numbers in the company of hunting parties of giant trevally and goatfish. This cooperative hunting technique is similar to that of the moray eel, with the yellow-lipped sea kraits flushing out prey from narrow crevices and holes, and the trevally and goatfish feeding on fleeing prey.[১২]

While probing crevices with their head, yellow-lipped sea kraits are unable to observe approaching predators and can be vulnerable. The snakes can deter predators, such as larger fish, sharks, and birds, by fooling them into thinking that their tail is their head, because the color and movement of the tail is similar to that of the snake's head. For example, the lateral aspect of the tail corresponds to the dorsal view of the head.[১৩][১৪]

Yellow-lipped sea kraits primarily feed on varieties of eels, but also eat small fish. Males and females exhibit sexual dimorphism in hunting behavior, as adult females, which are significantly larger than males, prefer to hunt in deeper water for larger conger eels, while adult males hunt in shallower water for smaller moray eels. In addition, females hunt for only one prey item per foraging bout, while males often hunt for multiple items.[৫][১৫] After hunting, yellow-lipped sea kraits return to land in order to digest their prey.[১০]

Courtship and reproduction সম্পাদনা

 
Multiple yellow-lipped sea kraits mating

The yellow-lipped sea krait is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs that develop outside of the body.[১]

Each year during the warmer months of September through December, males gather on land and in the water around gently sloping areas at high tide. Males prefer to mate with larger females because they produce larger and more offspring.[১৬]

When a male detects a female, it chases the female and begins courtship. Females are larger and slower than males, and many males will escort and intertwine around a single female. The males then align their bodies with the female and rhythmically contract; the resulting mass of snakes can remain nearly motionless for several days.[১৬][১৭] After courtship, the snakes copulate for about an average of two hours.[১৬]

The female yellow-lipped sea kraits then lay as many as 10 eggs per clutch. The eggs are deposited in crevices where they remain until hatching.[১৮] These eggs are very rarely found in the wild; only two nests have been definitively reported throughout the entire range of the species.[১]

Interaction with humans সম্পাদনা

 
Irabu-jiru (জাপানি: イラブー汁, irabu soup) made from smoked black-banded sea krait

Because yellow-lipped sea kraits spend much of their time on land, they are often encountered by humans. They are frequently found in the water intake and exhaust pipes of boats.[১৮] Yellow-lipped sea kraits are also attracted to light and can be distracted by artificial sources of light, including hotels and other buildings, on coasts.[১]

There are fewer recorded bites from this species compared to other venomous species such as cobras and vipers as it is less aggressive and tends to avoid humans.[১৯] If they do bite, it is usually in self-defense when accidentally grabbed. Most sea snake bites occur when fishermen attempt to untangle the snakes from their fishing nets.[২০]

In the Philippines, yellow-lipped sea kraits are caught for their skin and meat; the meat is smoked and exported for use in Japanese cuisine.[১] The smoked meat of a related Laticauda species, the black-banded sea krait, is used in Okinawan cuisine to make irabu-jiru (জাপানি: イラブー汁, irabu soup).[২১]

তথ্যসূত্র সম্পাদনা

  1. লেন, এ.; গিনি, এম.; গেটাস, জে.; লোবো, এ. (২০১০)। "হলুদমুখো সামুদ্রিক কেউটে"বিপদগ্রস্ত প্রজাতির আইইউসিএন লাল তালিকা (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। আইইউসিএন২০১০: e.T176750A7296975। ডিওআই:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176750A7296975.en  
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সহায়ক ও অতিরিক্ত পাঠ সম্পাদনা

  • Boulenger, G.A. (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Platurus colubrinus, pp. 308–309).
  • Das, I. (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. আইএসবিএন ০-৮৮৩৫৯-০৫৬-৫. (Laticauda colubrina, p. 56).
  • Das, I. (2006). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. আইএসবিএন ০-৮৮৩৫৯-০৬১-১. (Laticauda colubrina, p. 69).
  • Frith, C.B. (১৯৭৪)। "Second record of the seasnake Laticauda colubrina in Thailand waters"। Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc.25: 209। 
  • Ota, Hidetoshi; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Kamezaki, Naoki (১৯৮৫)। "On specimens of yellow lipped sea krait Laticauda colubrina from the Yaeyama group, Ryūkyū Archipelago"। Snake17: 156–159। 
  • Pernetta, J.C. (১৯৭৭)। "Observations on the habits and morphology of the sea snake Laticauda colubrina (Schneider) in Fiji"। Canadian Journal of Zoology55 (10): 1612–1619। ডিওআই:10.1139/z77-210 
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