এশিয়ার ইতিহাস: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
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১৮ নং লাইন:
==9000 BC to 4500 BC==
Western Asia saw the world's earliest transition to a [[Neolithic]] (settled farming) lifestyle.
A temple area in southeastern Turkey at [[Göbekli Tepe]] dated to 10000 BC has been seen as the beginning of the "Neolithic 1" culture. This site was developed by nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]]s since there is no permanent housing in the vicinity. This temple site is the oldest known man-made place of worship.
Around 9000 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures appeared in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Around 8000 BC the world's first town [[Jericho]] appeared in the [[Levant]] (present-day [[West Bank]]). It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000–3000 people and a massive stone tower.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho "Jericho"], [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref> The exact date is not established with certainty due to different results in carbon dating by different laboratories. [[Jbeil]] (Byblos), present-day [[Lebanon]] is another early site. The Neolithic culture of Jericho developed directly from the [[Epipaleolithic]] [[Natufian]] culture in the region, whose people pioneered wild cereal use, which then evolved into true farming. By 8500–8000 BC farming communities began to spread to [[Anatolia]], [[North Africa]] and north [[Mesopotamia]].
The [[prehistoric Beifudi site]] near Yixian in [[Hebei]] Province, [[China]], contains relics of a culture contemporaneous with the [[Cishan culture|Cishan]] and [[Xinglongwa culture|Xinglongwa]] cultures of about 7000–8000 BC, neolithic cultures east of the [[Taihang Mountains]], filling in an archaeological gap between the two Northern Chinese cultures. The total excavated area is more than 1,200 square meters and the collection of neolithic findings at the site consists of two phases.<ref name="archdis">{{cite web
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Around 5500 BCE the [[Tel Halaf|Halafian]] culture appeared in the Levant, Lebanon, [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, based upon dryland agriculture.
৫৪ নং লাইন:
==Modern period==
The [[Russian Empire]] began to expand into Asia from the [[17th century]], eventually taking control of all of [[Siberia]] and most of [[Central Asia]] by the end of the [[19th century]]. The [[Ottoman Empire]] controlled [[Turkey]] and the [[Middle East]] from the [[16th century]] onwards. In the [[17th century]], the [[Manchu]] conquered China and established the [[Qing Dynasty]], although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in [[1912]].
The European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as [[British Raj|British India]], [[French Indochina]] and Portuguese [[Macau]] and [[Goa]]. The [[Great Game]] between Russia and Britain was the struggle for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], crossing Asia by train, was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as [[Persia]], [[Thailand]] and most of China. In the twentieth century, [[Imperial Japan]] expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the [[Second World War]]. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the [[Cold War]], the northern parts of Asia were [[communist]] controlled with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[People's Republic of China]], while western allies formed pacts such as [[CENTO]] and [[SEATO]]. Conflicts such as the [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]] and [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove [[Japan]] to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the [[Japanese post-war economic miracle]]. The [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] has dominated much of the recent history of the [[Middle East]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.
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== তথ্যসূত্র ==
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