ভৌত ধ্রুবক

পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে, একটি ভৌত ধ্রুবক হল একটি ভৌত রাশির মান যা সার্বজনীন হিসেবে গৃহীত হয় এবং বিশ্বাস করা হয় যে এর মান সময়ের সাথে পরিবর্তিত হয় নাা।

সার্বজনীন ধ্রুবক

Quantity	Symbol	Value	Relative Standard Uncertainty
characteristic impedance of vacuum	$Z_{0}=\mu _{0}c\,$	376.730 313 461... Ω	defined
electric constant (permittivity of free space)	$\epsilon _{0}=1/(\mu _{0}c^{2})\,$	8.854 187 817... × 10−12F·m−1	defined
magnetic constant (permeability of free space)	$\mu _{0}\,$	4π × 10−7 N·A−2 = 1.2566 370 614... × 10−6 N·A−2	defined
Newtonian constant of gravitation	$G\,$	6.6742(10) × 10−11m3·kg−1·s−2	1.5 × 10−4
Planck's constant	$h\,$	6.626 0693(11) × 10−34 J·s	1.7 × 10−7
Dirac's constant	$\hbar =h/(2\pi )$	1.054 571 68(18) × 10−34 J·s	1.7 × 10−7
speed of light in vacuum	$c\,$	299 792 458 m·s−1	defined

তাড়িতচুম্বক ধ্রুবক

Quantity	Symbol	Value1 (SI units)	Relative Standard Uncertainty
Bohr magneton	$\mu _{B}=e\hbar /2m_{e}$	927.400 949(80) × 10−26 J·T−1	8.6 × 10-8
conductance quantum	$G_{0}=2e^{2}/h\,$	7.748 091 733(26) × 10−5 S	3.3 × 10−9
Coulomb's constant	$\kappa =1/4\pi \epsilon _{0}\,$	8.987 742 438 × 109 N·m2C−2	defined
Josephson constant	$K_{J}=2e/h\,$	483 597.879(41) × 109 Hz· V−1	8.5 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum	$\phi _{0}=h/2e\,$	2.067 833 72(18) × 10−15 Wb	8.5 × 10−8
nuclear magneton	$\mu _{N}=e\hbar /2m_{p}$	5.050 783 43(43) × 10−27 J·T−1	8.6 × 10−8
resistance quantum	$R_{0}=h/2e^{2}\,$	12 906.403 725(43) Ω	3.3 × 10−9
von Klitzing constant	$R_{K}=h/e^{2}\,$	25 812.807 449(86) Ω	3.3 × 10−9

আণবিক ও পারমাণবিক ধ্রুবক

Quantity		Symbol	Value1 (SI units)	Relative Standard Uncertainty
Bohr radius		$a_{0}=\alpha /4\pi R_{\infty }\,$	5.291 772 108 (18) × 10−11 m	3.3 × 10−9
Fermi coupling constant		$G_{F}/(\hbar c)^{3}$	1.166 39(1) × 10−5 GeV−2	8.6 × 10−6
fine-structure constant		$\alpha =\mu _{0}e^{2}c/(2h)=e^{2}/(4\pi \epsilon _{0}\hbar c)\,$	7.297 352 568(24) × 10−3	3.3 × 10−9
Hartree energy		$E_{h}=2R_{\infty }hc\,$	4.359 744 17(75) × 10−18 J	1.7 × 10−7
quantum of circulation		$h/2m_{e}\,$	3.636 947 550(24) × 10−4 m2 s−1	6.7 × 10−9
Rydberg constant		$R_{\infty }=\alpha ^{2}m_{e}c/2h\,$	10 973 731.568 525(73) m−1	6.6 × 10−12
Thomson cross section		$(8\pi /3)r_{e}^{2}$	0.665 245 873(13) × 10−28 m2	2.0 × 10−8
weak mixing angle		$\sin ^{2}\theta _{W}=1-(m_{W}/m_{Z})^{2}\,$	0.222 15(76)	3.4 × 10−3

গাঠনিক রসায়নের ধ্রুবক

Quantity		Symbol	Value1 (SI units)	Relative Standard Uncertainty
atomic mass constant (unified atomic mass unit)		$m_{u}=1\ u\,$	1.660 538 86(28) × 10−27 kg	1.7 × 10−7
Avogadro's number		$N_{A},L\,$	6.022 1415(10) × 1023	1.7 × 10−7
Boltzmann constant		$k=R/N_{A}\,$	1.380 6505(24) × 10−23 J·K−1	1.8 × 10−6
Faraday constant		$F=N_{A}e\,$	96 485.3383(83)C·mol−1	8.6 × 10−8
first radiation constant		$c_{1}=2\pi hc^{2}\,$	3.741 771 38(64) × 10−16 W·m2	1.7 × 10−7
	for spectral radiance	$c_{1L}\,$	1.191 042 82(20) × 10−16 W · m2 sr−1	1.7 × 10−7
Loschmidt constant	at $T$=273.15 K and $p$=101.325 kPa	$n_{0}=N_{A}/V_{m}\,$	2.686 7773(47) × 1025 m−3	1.8 × 10−6
gas constant		$R\,$	8.314 472(15) J·K−1·mol−1	1.7 × 10−6
molar Planck constant		$N_{A}h\,$	3.990 312 716(27) × 10−10 J · s · mol−1	6.7 × 10−9
molar volume of an ideal gas	at $T$=273.15 K and $p$=100 kPa	$V_{m}=RT/p\,$	22.710 981(40) × 10−3 m3 ·mol−1	1.7 × 10−6
	at $T$=273.15 K and $p$=101.325 kPa		22.413 996(39) × 10−3 m3 ·mol−1	1.7 × 10−6
Sackur-Tetrode constant	at $T$=1 K and $p$=100 kPa	$S_{0}/R={\frac {5}{2}}$ $+\ln \left[(2\pi m_{u}kT/h^{2})^{3/2}kT/p\right]$	-1.151 7047(44)	3.8 × 10−6
	at $T$=1 K and $p$=101.325 kPa		-1.164 8677(44)	3.8 × 10−6
second radiation constant		$c_{2}=hc/k\,$	1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 m·K	1.7 × 10−6
Stefan-Boltzmann constant		$\sigma =(\pi ^{2}/60)k^{4}/\hbar ^{3}c^{2}$	5.670 400(40) × 10−8 W·m−2·K−4	7.0 × 10−6
Wien displacement law constant		$b=(hc/k)/\,$ 4.965 114 231...	2.897 7685(51) × 10−3 m · K	1.7 × 10−6

Table of adopted values

Quantity		Symbol	Value (SI units)	Relative Standard Uncertainty
conventional value of Josephson constant2		$K_{J-90}\,$	483 597.9 × 109 Hz · V−1	defined
conventional value of von Klitzing constant3		$R_{K-90}\,$	25 812.807 Ω	defined
molar mass	constant	$M_{u}=M(\,^{12}{\mbox{C}})/12$	1 × 10−3 kg · mol−1	defined
	of carbon-12	$M(\,^{12}{\mbox{C}})=N_{A}m(\,^{12}{\mbox{C}})$	12 × 10−3 kg · mol−1	defined
standard acceleration of gravity (gee, free fall on Earth)		$g_{n}\,\!$	9.806 65 m·s−2	defined
standard atmosphere		${\mbox{atm}}\,$	101 325 Pa	defined

মন্তব্য

¹The values are given in the so-called concise form; the number in brackets is the standard uncertainty, which is the value multiplied by the relative standard uncertainty.
²This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
³This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

আরও দেখুন

• জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান ধ্রুবক
• বৈজ্ঞানিক ধ্রুবক (ব্যক্তির নামে নামাঙ্কিত)
• Fine-tuned universe
• Physical law
• CODATA
• আণবিক একক
• প্লাঙ্ক একক

সহপাঠ্য

• John D. Barrow, 2002. The Constants of Nature. Pantheon Books.

তথ্যসূত্র

• CODATA Recommendations - 2002 CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants