এশিয়ার ইতিহাস: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
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১ নং লাইন:
[[Image:Silkroutes.jpg|thumb|200px|প্রাচীন [[সিল্ক রোড]] [[এশিয়া]] জুড়ে ছড়িয়ে থাকা বিভিন্ন সভ্যতাকে সংযুক্ত করেছিল।<ref>[http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml প্রাচীন সিল্ক রোড পর্যটক (ANCIENT SILK ROAD TRAVELLERS)]</ref>]]
[[Image:Premongol.png|thumb|200px|১২০০ CEতে এশিয়া, মঙ্গোল সাম্রাজ্যের উত্থানের অব্যবহিত পূর্বে]]
[[Image:Asia 1892 amer ency brit.jpg|thumb|200px|১৮৯২ সালে এশিয়ার মানচিত্র]]
'''এশিয়ার ইতিহাস''' মূলত [[ইউরেশিয়া]]র [[স্তেপ]] অঞ্চল দ্বারা সংযোজিত [[এশিয়া]]র প্রান্তস্থ কিছু উপকূলীয় এলাকা যেমন [[পূর্ব এশিয়া]], [[দক্ষিণ এশিয়া]], [[মধ্যপ্রাচ্য]] ইত্যাদির সমবেত বা যৌথ ইতিহাস।
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The '''history of Asia''' can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as, [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], and the [[Middle East]] linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian [[steppe]].
The coastal periphery was the home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys. These valleys were fertile because the soil there was rich. The civilizations in [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Indus Valley]], and [[China]] shared many similarities and likely exchanged technologies and ideas such as [[mathematics]] and the [[wheel]]. Other notions such as that of writing likely developed individually in each area. Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands.
The steppe region had long been inhabited by mounted nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent. The earliest known such central expansion out of the steppe is that of the [[Indo-Europeans]] which spread their languages into the Middle East, India, and in the [[Tocharians]] to the borders of China. The northern part of the continent, covering much of [[Siberia]] was also inaccessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the [[tundra]]. These areas were very sparsely populated.
The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and deserts. The [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Himalayas|Himalaya]], [[Karakum Desert]], and [[Gobi Desert]] formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could only cross with difficulty. While technologically and culturally the city dwellers were more advanced, they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. However, the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force. Thus the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies.
==1.83 Million BCE==
[[Archaeologist]]s have found [[stone tool]]s in [[Malaysia]] which have been dated to be 1.83 million years old.<ref>
[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4NR2q7FWeVMwDjWVzYcF_R4qXEg Malaysian scientists find stone tools 'oldest in Southeast Asia']</ref>
==9000 BC to 4500 BC==
Western Asia saw the world's earliest transition to a [[Neolithic]] (settled farming) lifestyle.
A temple area in southeastern Turkey at [[Göbekli Tepe]] dated to 10000 BC has been seen as the beginning of the "Neolithic 1" culture. This site was developed by nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]]s since there is no permanent housing in the vicinity. This temple site is the oldest known man-made place of worship.
Around 9000 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures appeared in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Around 8000 BC the world's first town [[Jericho]] appeared in the [[Levant]] (present-day [[West Bank]]). It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000–3000 people and a massive stone tower.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043547/Jericho "Jericho"], [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref> The exact date is not established with certainty due to different results in carbon dating by different laboratories. [[Jbeil]] (Byblos), present-day [[Lebanon]] is another early site. The Neolithic culture of Jericho developed directly from the [[Epipaleolithic]] [[Natufian]] culture in the region, whose people pioneered wild cereal use, which then evolved into true farming. By 8500–8000 BC farming communities began to spread to [[Anatolia]], [[North Africa]] and north [[Mesopotamia]].
The [[prehistoric Beifudi site]] near Yixian in [[Hebei]] Province, [[China]], contains relics of a culture contemporaneous with the [[Cishan culture|Cishan]] and [[Xinglongwa culture|Xinglongwa]] cultures of about 7000–8000 BC, neolithic cultures east of the [[Taihang Mountains]], filling in an archaeological gap between the two Northern Chinese cultures. The total excavated area is more than 1,200 square meters and the collection of neolithic findings at the site consists of two phases.<ref name="archdis">{{cite web
|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/detail.asp?ProductID=982
|title=New Archaeological Discoveries and Researches in 2004 — The Fourth Archaeology Forum of CASS
|publisher=Institute of Archaeology — Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
|accessdate=2007-09-18
}}
</ref>
Around 5500 BCE the [[Tel Halaf|Halafian]] culture appeared in the Levant, Lebanon, [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, based upon dryland agriculture.
In southern Mesopotamia were the alluvial plains of [[Sumer]] and [[Elam]]. Since there was little rainfall [[irrigation]] systems were necessary. The [[Ubaid period|Ubaid]] culture from flourished from 5500 BCE.
==Bronze Age==
{{main|Ancient Near East|Asian Bronze Age}}
The Chalcolithic period began about 4500 BCE, then the [[Bronze Age]] began about 3500 BCE, replacing the Neolithic cultures.
China and [[Vietnam]] were also centres of metalworking.
{{expand-section}}
==Iron Age==
{{main|Iron Age}}
{{see|Axial Age}}
The [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid dynasty]] of the [[Persian Empire]], founded by [[Cyrus the Great]], ruled an area from [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] to the [[Indus River]] and [[Central Asia]] during the 6th to 4th centuries BC. [[Alexander the Great]] conquered this empire in the [[4th century BC]]. The [[Roman Empire]] would later control parts of Western Asia. The [[Seleucid]], [[Parthian]] and [[Sassanian]] dynasties of Persia dominated Western Asia for centuries. Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the [[Silk Road]], which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. The religions of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], which began in India, were an important influence on South, East and Southeast Asia.
==Middle Ages==
The Islamic [[Caliphate]] and other [[Islamic state]]s took over the [[Middle East]], [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]] during the [[Muslim conquests]] of the 7th century, and later expanded into the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Malay archipelago]]. The [[Crusades]] would be fought from the 12th century, in [[Christendom|Christian Europe]]'s attempt to retake the [[Holy Land]] from the [[Muslim]]s. The [[Mongol Empire]] conquered a large part of Asia in the [[13th century]], an area extending from China to Europe.
==Modern period==
The [[Russian Empire]] began to expand into Asia from the [[17th century]], eventually taking control of all of [[Siberia]] and most of [[Central Asia]] by the end of the [[19th century]]. The [[Ottoman Empire]] controlled [[Turkey]] and the [[Middle East]] from the [[16th century]] onwards. In the [[17th century]], the [[Manchu]] conquered China and established the [[Qing Dynasty]], although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in [[1912]].
The European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as [[British Raj|British India]], [[French Indochina]] and Portuguese [[Macau]] and [[Goa]]. The [[Great Game]] between Russia and Britain was the struggle for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], crossing Asia by train, was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as [[Persia]], [[Thailand]] and most of China. In the twentieth century, [[Imperial Japan]] expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the [[Second World War]]. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the [[Cold War]], the northern parts of Asia were [[communist]] controlled with the [[Soviet Union]] and [[People's Republic of China]], while western allies formed pacts such as [[CENTO]] and [[SEATO]]. Conflicts such as the [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]] and [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove [[Japan]] to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the [[Japanese post-war economic miracle]]. The [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] has dominated much of the recent history of the [[Middle East]]. After the [[Soviet Union]]'s collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.
==See also==
*[[Exploration of Asia]]
*[[List of conflicts in Asia]]
*[[Imperialism in Asia]]
*[[History of Eurasia]]
*[[History of Central Asia]]
*[[History of East Asia]]
*[[History of the Middle East]]
*[[History of Southeast Asia]]
-->
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{reflist}}
==আরও দেখুন==
{{এশিয়ার ইতিহাস}}
{{Template group
|list =
{{Asia topics}}
{{History of Asia}}
{{History by continent}}
}}
[[ar:تاريخ آسيا]]
[[bg:История на Азия]]
[[ca:Història d'Àsia]]
[[cs:Dějiny Asie]]
[[cy:Hanes Asia]]
[[de:Geschichte Asiens]]
[[es:Historia de Asia]]
[[fr:Histoire de l'Asie]]
[[ko:아시아의 역사]]
[[hr:Povijest Azije]]
[[he:היסטוריה של אסיה]]
[[lv:Āzijas vēsture]]
[[lt:Azijos istorija]]
[[nl:Geschiedenis van Azië]]
[[no:Asias historie]]
[[pl:Historia Azji]]
[[pt:História da Ásia]]
[[ru:История Азии]]
[[simple:History of Asia]]
[[fi:Aasian historia]]
[[sv:Asiens historia]]
[[th:ประวัติศาสตร์เอเชีย]]
[[vi:Lịch sử châu Á]]
[[zh:亚洲史]]
[[Category:এশিয়ার ইতিহাস]]
[[Category:পৃথিবীর ইতিহাস]]
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