সভ্যতা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

একটি '''সভ্যতা''' ({{lang-en|'''Civilization'''}}) হল কোন [[জটিল সমাজব্যবস্থা]] যা [[নগরায়ন]], [[সামাজিক স্তরবিন্যাস]], [[প্রতীক|প্রতীকী]] যোগাযোগ প্রণালী (উদাহরণস্বরূপ, [[লিখন পদ্ধতি]]), উপলব্ধ স্বতন্ত্র পরিচয় এবং প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশের উপর নিয়ন্ত্রণের মত গুণাবলি দ্বারা বৈশিষ্ট্যমণ্ডিত।<ref name="Adams 1966">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|author=Adams, Robert McCormick|title=The Evolution of Urban Society|year=1966|page=13|publisher=Transaction Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrZOwKU0TlsC&q=%22civilizations+are+associated%22}}</ref><ref name="Haviland 2013">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|authors=Haviland, William, et al|title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|page=250|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22}}</ref><ref name="Wright 2004">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|first=Ronald|last=Wright|title=A Short History of Progress|publisher=House of Anansi|year=2004|pages=115, 117, and 212|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nzWPFQIEvfEC&q=%22technical,%20anthropological%22}}</ref><ref>{{citeওয়েব webউদ্ধৃতি|publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC|title=Civilization|year=2014|work=Dictionary.com|postscript= See definition #6|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/civilization}}</ref><ref name="Llobera 2003">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|first=Josep|last=Llobera|title=An Invitation to Anthropology|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2003|pages=136–137|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_-LDyWxODjAC&q=%22best-known+definition%22}}</ref><ref name="Fernández-Armesto 2001">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|last=Fernández-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2001|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNzi698aXwC&}}</ref><ref name="Boyden 2004">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|last=Boyden|first=Stephen Vickers|title=The Biology of Civilisation|year=2004|pages=7–8|publisher=UNSW Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22}}</ref><ref name="Solms-Laubach 2007">{{citeবই bookউদ্ধৃতি|first=Franz|last=Solms-Laubach|title=Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2007|pages=115, 117, and 212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C&dq}}</ref> সভ্যতাকে প্রায়শই আরও কিছু সামাজিক, রাজনৈতিক ও অর্থনৈতিক বৈশিষ্ট্য দ্বারা সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয় যেগুলোর উপর সভ্যতা নির্ভরশীল, আর সেগুলো হল কেন্দ্রীকরণ, মানুষ এবং অন্যান্য জীবের আবাসন, শ্রমের বিশেষায়িতকরণ, সাংস্কৃতিকভাবে সৃষ্ট উন্নয়ন আদর্শ, আধিপত্য স্থাপন, ভাস্কর্যের অনুরূপ স্থাপত্য, কর বা খাজনা আরোপ, কৃষির উপর সামাজিক নির্ভরশীলতা, এবং সম্প্রসারণের প্রবণতা।<ref name="Haviland 2013" /><ref name="Wright 2004" /><ref name="Llobera 2003" /><ref name="Boyden 2004" /><ref name="Solms-Laubach 2007" /> সভ্যতার ইংরেজি শব্দ হল civilization যা ল্যাটিন শব্দ ''civis'' থেকে আগত যার অর্থ নগরে বসবাসরত কোন ব্যক্তি। এর কারণ হল, যখন কোন স্থানের মানুষ সভ্য হয়, তখন তারা কোন ছোট গোত্র বা যৌথ পরিবারের মত দলে নয় বরং নগরীর ন্যায় একটি বৃহৎ সুসংগঠিত আকারের দলে একত্রে বসবাস করে।

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