ক্রিয়েটিভ কমন্স লাইসেন্স: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
অসম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই |
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই |
||
২ নং লাইন:
'''ক্রিয়েটিভ কমন্স লাইসেন্স''' হল [[ক্রিয়েটিভ কমন্স]], একটি মার্কিন অবাণিজ্যিক প্রতিষ্ঠান কর্তৃক ২০০২ সালের [[১৬ ডিসেম্বর]] প্রকাশিত কিছু কপিরাইট লাইসেন্স।
== Types of licenses ==
[[File:Wanna Work Together? with subtitles - Creative Commons.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=97|[http://creativecommons.org/videos/wanna-work-together Wanna Work Together?] animation by Creative Commons]]
[[File:Mayer and Bettle 2 - Creative Commons.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=98|The [http://creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle2 second version] of the [http://creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle Mayer and Bettle] promotional animation explains what Creative Commons is.]]
[[File:Ordering of Creative Commons licenses from most to least open.png|thumb|upright|Ordering of CC licenses from most to least open]]
The CC licenses all grant the "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes, and without modification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights |title=Baseline Rights |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |date=June 12, 2008 |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> The details of each of these licenses depends on the version, and comprises a selection out of four conditions:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Right || Description
|-
| [[File:Cc-by new.svg|40px|Attribution]]
| [[Attribution (copyright)|Attribution]] (BY)
| Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits in the manner specified by these.
|-
| [[File:Cc-sa.svg|40px|Share-alike]]
| [[Share-alike]] (SA)
| Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs the original work. (See also [[copyleft]].)
|-
| [[File:Cc-nc.svg|40px|Non-commercial]]
| Non-commercial (NC)
| Licensees may copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for [[non-commercial|noncommercial]] purposes.
|-
| [[File:Cc-nd.svg|40px|Non-derivative]]
| No Derivative Works (ND)
| Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not [[derivative work]]s based on it.
|}
Source: <ref>{{cite web|title=What are Creative Commons licenses?|url=https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_are_Creative_Commons_licenses.3F|website=Frequently Asked Questions - Creative Commons|accessdate=July 26, 2015}}</ref>
The last two clauses are not [[free content]] licenses, according to definitions such as [[Debian Free Software Guidelines|DFSG]] or the [[Free Software Foundation]]'s standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as [[Wikipedia]]. For [[software]], Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the [[BSD License]], the [[GNU]] [[LGPL]], and the [[GNU]] [[GNU General Public License|GPL]].<ref name="GNU LGPL">{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622222019/http://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl|archivedate=June 22, 2009|title=Creative Commons GNU LGPL|accessdate=July 20, 2009}}</ref>
Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the "by" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.<ref name="retiredlicenses">{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/retiredlicenses |title=Retired Legal Tools |accessdate=May 31, 2012 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}}</ref><ref name="v2announcement">{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/4216 |title=Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses |publisher=Creativecommons.org |date=May 25, 2004 |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name=licenses>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ |title=About The Licenses - Creative Commons |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=July 26, 2015}}</ref> This leaves six regularly used licenses:
===Seven regularly used licenses===
<!--Please do not change this title without good reason, a number of Wikiversity pages link to it because this seems to be the best brief summary of the options available on the sister-wikis-->
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Icon !! Description !! Acronym!![[Free content|Free/Libre]]
|-
| [[File:CC0 button.svg|alt=CC0 icon|88px]] || Freeing content globally without restrictions || CC0||Yes
|-
| [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|alt=CC-BY icon|88px]] || Attribution alone || BY||Yes
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg|alt=CC-by-NC icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial || BY-NC||No
|-
| [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + ShareAlike || BY-SA||Yes
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + NoDerivatives || BY-ND||No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc-sa icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-NC-SA icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike || BY-NC-SA||No
|-
| [[File:Cc-by-nc-nd icon.svg|alt=CC-BY-NC-ND icon|88px]] || Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives || BY-NC-ND||No
|}
Sources: <ref name=licenses /><ref name="CC0" />
For example, the Creative Commons Attribution (BY) license allows one to share and remix (create derivative works), even for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/ |title=Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States |date=November 16, 2009 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref>
== Version 4.0 and international use ==
{{Main|Creative Commons jurisdiction ports}}
The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind, so the wording could be incompatible within different local legislations and render the licenses unenforceable in various [[jurisdictions]]. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "[[Creative Commons jurisdiction ports|porting]]."<ref name=murray>{{cite book | last = Murray | first = Laura | title = Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2014 | isbn = 0199336261 |page=25 }}</ref> As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221084154/ |url=http://creativecommons.org/worldwide |title=Worldwide |publisher=Creative Commons |date= |archivedate=December 21, 2009}}</ref>
The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Diane|title=CC’s Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768|work=Creative Commons|accessdate=November 26, 2013|date=November 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What's new in 4.0?|url=http://creativecommons.org/Version4|work=Creative Commons|accessdate=November 26, 2013|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?|url=http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses|publisher=TechnoLlama|accessdate=August 11, 2013|date=September 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Music Manumit Lawcast with Jessica Coates of Creative Commons|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHgbWFNEztg|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=August 11, 2013|author=Doug Whitfield|date=August 5, 2013}}</ref> No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Affiliate_Network#The_Licensing_Suite |title=CC Affiliate Network |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=July 8, 2011}}</ref> Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_CC_licenses_have_not_been_ported_to_my_jurisdiction.3F|work=Creative Commons|accessdate=November 26, 2013}}</ref>
== Rights ==
=== Attribution ===
Since 2004, all current licenses require attribution of the original author (the BY component).<ref name="v2announcement"/> The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FFAQ#How_do_I_properly_attribute_a_Creative_Commons_licensed_work.3F |title=Frequently Frequently Asked Questions |date=February 2, 2010 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> Generally this implies the following:
*'''Include any copyright notices (if applicable)'''. If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.
*'''Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID''', etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
*'''Cite the work's title or name (if applicable)''', if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
*'''Cite the specific CC license the work is under'''. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
*'''Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation''', in addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., “This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author].” or “Screenplay based on [original work] by [author].”
=== Non-commercial licenses ===
{{further|Creative Commons#Criticism of the non-commercial license}}
The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127 |title=Defining Noncommercial report published |publisher=Creativecommons.org |date= |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of [[open content]] promoted by other [[permissive license]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC |title=The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |date=August 26, 2013 |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> In 2014 [[Wikimedia]] published a guide to using Creative Commons licences as [[m:Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences|wiki pages]] for translations and as PDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Content_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences_web.pdf|title=Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses|isbn=978-3-940785-57-2|author=Till Kreutzer|year=2014|publisher=[[List of Wikimedia chapters|Wikimedia Deutschland]] e.a.|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>
=== Zero / public domain ===
[[File:CCzero.svg|thumb|CC zero license logo.<ref>[http://creativecommons.org/about/downloads]</ref>]]
Besides licenses, Creative Commons also offers a way to release material into the [[public domain]] through CC0,<ref name="CC0">{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero |title=CC0 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible, worldwide. Development of CC0 began in 2007<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/7919 |title=Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs |date=December 17, 2007 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> and the tool was released in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/01/report-from-cc-board-meeting.html |title=Report from CC board meeting |first=Gavin |last=Baker |work=Open Access News |date=January 16, 2009 |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13304 |title=Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero |publisher=Creativecommons.org |date= |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref>
In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22940 |title=Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment |publisher=Creativecommons.org |date=August 10, 2010 |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> a tool for labeling works already in the public domain. Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/ |title=Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification |date=August 20, 2009 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.
In 2011, the [[Free Software Foundation]] added CC0 to its [[List of FSF approved software licenses|free software licenses]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/27081 |title=Using CC0 for public domain software |date=April 15, 2011 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=May 10, 2011}}</ref> and currently recommends CC0 as the preferred method of releasing software into the public domain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html |title=Various Licenses and Comments about Them |publisher=[[GNU Project]] |accessdate=April 4, 2015 }}</ref>
In February 2012 CC0 was submitted to [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI) for their approval<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/
| title = OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?
| author = Carl Boettiger (In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list)
| publisher =
| accessdate = February 1, 2012
}}</ref> but, due to problems, it was rejected. The OSI FAQ<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://opensource.org/faq#cc-zero
| title = What about the Creative Commons "CC0" ("CC Zero") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?
| author = The Open Source Initiative FAQ
| accessdate = May 25, 2013
}}</ref> concludes "At this time, we do not recommend releasing software using the CC0 public domain dedication" because of the reservations of being able to waiver copyright (aka "public domain") from a legal standpoint in all jurisdictions. The OSI FAQ further explains that "CC0 was not explicitly rejected, but the License Review Committee was unable to reach consensus that it should be approved, and Creative Commons eventually withdrew the application". In the withdrawal message the Creative Commons representative explained that CC0 was initially developed for the needs of the scientific data community in order to help sharing data freely.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/000231.html| title = CC withdrawl of CC0 from OSI process| author = Christopher Allan Webber (In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list)| accessdate = February 24, 2012}}</ref>
=== Adaptation ===
[[File:Vectorized CC License Compatibility Chart.svg|thumb|A license compatibility chart for combining or mixing two CC licensed works]]
Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_combine_material_that_uses_different_Creative_Commons_licenses_into_my_work.3F|publisher=CC Wiki|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref>
==Legal aspects==
The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing is difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Katz|first=Zachary|title=Pitfalls of Open Licensing: An Analysis of Creative Commons Licensing|journal=[[IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review]]|year=2005|volume=46|issue=3|page=391}}</ref>
Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law|title=Creative Commons Case Law|accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref> Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses. Here are some notable cases:
===Dutch tabloid===
In early 2006, podcaster [[Adam Curry]] sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and bind users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1030_3-6052292.html |title=Creative Commons license upheld by court|publisher=News.cnet.com |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=1ONyncVruj8C&pg=PA271&dq=The+Dutch+Court%27s+decision+is+especially+noteworthy+because+it+confirms+that+the+conditions+of+a+Creative+Commons+license+automatically&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=SzKvUMOkJseF4gSp4oEY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Dutch%20Court%27s%20decision%20is%20especially%20noteworthy%20because%20it%20confirms%20that%20the%20conditions%20of%20a%20Creative%20Commons%20license%20automatically&f=false |title=Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod - Matthew Rimmer - Google Böcker |publisher=Books.google.se |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060316052623594|title=Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court|work=[[Groklaw]]|date=March 16, 2006|accessdate=September 2, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823|title=Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court|accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref>
===Virgin Mobile===
In 2007, [[Virgin Mobile Australia]] launched an [[Australia]]n [[bus stop]] [[advertising campaign|ad campaign]] promoting their cellphone [[text messaging]] service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to [[Flickr]] using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church,<ref name="permission">{{Cite news|first= Noam|last= Cohen|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Use My Photo? Not Without Permission. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology/01link.html |quote=One moment, Alison Chang, a 15-year-old student from Dallas, is cheerfully goofing around at a local church-sponsored car wash, posing with a friend for a photo. Weeks later, that photo is posted online and catches the eye of an ad agency in Australia, and the altered image of Alison appears on a billboard in Adelaide as part of a [[Virgin Mobile]] advertising campaign. |publisher=New York Times |date= |accessdate=September 25, 2007 }}</ref> caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.<ref name="permission"/> In 2008, the case (concerning [[personality rights]] rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a [[Texas]] court for lack of jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/|archivedate=July 13, 2011 |title=No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case |author=Evan Brown |date=January 22, 2009 |work= |publisher=Internet Cases, a blog about law and technology |accessdate=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680|title=Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ|accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref>
===SGAE vs Fernández===
In the fall of 2006, [[Copyright collective|collecting society]] Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in [[Badajoz]] who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties from public performance of music during the period between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5830 |title=Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music |author=Mia Garlick |date=March 23, 2006 |work= |publisher=Creative Commons |accessdate=September 25, 2010}}</ref>
===GateHouse Media, Inc. vs. That's Great News, LLC===
On June 30, 2010 [[GateHouse Media]] filed a lawsuit against [[That's Great News]]. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including ''[[Rockford Register Star]]'', which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.<ref name="New Copyright Lawsuit">{{cite web|url=http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/ |title=New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons |author=Evan Brown |date=July 2, 2010 |work= |publisher=Internet Cases: A blog about law and technology |accessdate=April 20, 2012}}</ref> GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public.<ref name="New Copyright Lawsuit" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description |title=GateHouse Media v. That's Great News |author=CMLP Staff |date=August 5, 2010 |work= |publisher=Citizen Media Law Project |accessdate=April 20, 2012}}</ref>
== Works with a Creative Commons license ==
[[File:Number of Creative Commons licensed works.png|thumb|Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2014, per ''[//stateof.creativecommons.org/report/ State of the Commons]'' report]]
{{main|List of works available under a Creative Commons license}}
{{see also|Category:Creative Commons-licensed works}}
Creative Commons maintains a content directory [[wiki]] of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories|title=Content Directories|publisher=creativecommons.org|accessdate=April 24, 2009}}</ref> On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies |title=Case Studies |publisher=Creative Commons |date= |accessdate=December 20, 2011}}</ref> CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines (see [[CC licensed content directories]]).
== Retired licenses ==
Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired,<ref name="retiredlicenses"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7520 |title=Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license |accessdate= July 5, 2007 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |date=June 4, 2007 |first=Lawrence |last=Lessig |authorlink=Lawrence Lessig}}</ref> and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses:
*'''Developing Nations License''': a license which only applies to [[developing country|developing countries]] deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the [[World Bank]]. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/devnations/2.0/ |title=Developing Nations License |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>
*'''Sampling''': parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling/1.0/ |title=Sampling 1.0 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>
*'''Sampling Plus''': parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling+/1.0/ |title=Sampling Plus 1.0 |date=November 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>
*'''NonCommercial Sampling Plus''': the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for noncommercial purposes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/ |title=NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0|date=November 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>
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