বিশ্বায়ন: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
103.230.107.17 (আলাপ)-এর করা আস্থা রাখা সম্পাদনা বাতিল. (টুইং) |
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৩ নং লাইন:
== আরও দেখুন ==
* [[বিশ্বায়ন পরিভাষা]]
wesk kZvãxi †kl `k‡Ki me‡P‡q PgKcÖ` cÖZ¨q wQj wek¦vqb| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wek¦vqb GKwU eûj cwiwPZ I Av‡jvP¨ welq| GKwU eûgvwÎK cÖZ¨q wn‡m‡e wek¦vqb m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ †bwZevPK `„wófw½i cvkvcvwk BwZevPK `„wófw½i cwiPqI cvIqv hvq| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wek¦vq‡bi cÖfveUv A‡bKUvB †bwZevPK| KviY cwðgv we‡k¦i a¨vb aviYv Ges wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki mg_©‡b Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~n Kg‡ewk gy³evRvi aviYv‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q| B†Zvc~‡e© Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡n wgkª A_©bxwZ cÖ_v Pvjy wQj| wek¦e¨vsK I `vZv †`kmg~‡ni µgvMZ Pv‡c Z…Zxq wek¦‡K A‡bKUv eva¨ n‡qB gy³ A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gy³ A_©bxwZi Rb¨ †h AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb I Avw_©K m½wZi cÖ‡qvRb evsjv‡`kmn Dbœqbkxj A‡bK †`‡kB Zv Ggb †bB| d‡j Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki m‡½ cwðgv DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni evwYwR¨K fvimvg¨nxbZv µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| Giƒc Ae¯’vq Ôwek¦vqbÕ aviYvi e¨vcKZi Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb h‡_ó|
wek¦vqb wK?
wek¦vqb GLb mevi gy‡L gy‡L| ivR‰bwZK †bZv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i e¨emvqx mevi gy‡LB kãwU †kvbv hv‡”Q Anin| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ eûj D”PvwiZ wek¦vqb n‡”Q GKwU cÖwµqv (Process)| wewfbœ †`‡ki National †h Boundary ¸‡jv i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv Zz‡j w`‡q mgMÖ wek¦‡K GKwU MÖv‡g (Global Village) cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Avi ZvB Internationalization Multinationalization Liberalization, Dissemination BZ¨vw` k㸇jv‡K Gi KvQvKvwQ A†©_ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
we¯§qKi RwUj GB GKzk kZ‡Ki ev¯—eZvi hy‡M †Kv‡bv aviYvi mnR mij msÁv †`qv KwVb| KviY G hyM‡K ejv nq DËi-AvaywbKKvj| †hLv‡b †KvbwKQyB mnRfv‡e wbY©q ev msÁvwqZ Kivi Dcvq †bB, eis Gi mewKQyB msÁvnxb wKsev eûgvwÎK I eû Avw_©K msÁvgq, hv Avm‡j ci¯úi we‡ivax| wVK †Zgwb wek¦vqb m¤ú‡K© bvbvR‡b bvbv ai‡bi aviYv Ávcb K‡i _v‡Kb| GLv‡b K‡qKwU aviYv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
1. wek¦vqb n‡jv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ A‡bK wKQy Kiv;
2. wek¦vqb n‡jv A_© I m¤ú‡`i Aeva cÖevn;
3. wek¦vqb n‡jv mxgvbvwenxb (Borderless) wek¦;
4. wek¦vqb n‡jv wek¦ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi GKÎxKiY;
5. mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi †P‡q wbR ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv;
6. wek¦vqb e¨e¯’v D`vixKi‡Yi mgv_©K;
7. wek¦vqb n‡jv mxgvbvgy³KiY I Avš—R©vwZKxKiY;
8. wek¦vqb aviYvi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ|
cÖvgvb¨ msÁv:
wek¦vq‡bi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Globaligation| Gi Glob kãwU cÖ_g e¨eüZ nq 1951 mv‡j, Global kãwU cÖ_g e¨eüZ nq 1976 mv‡j| Z‡e c„w_ex‡Z Globaligation ïi“ nq lv‡Ui `k‡K| wek¦vq‡bi Dci cÖ_g cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib †ivjvÛ ievU©mb 1985 mv‡j| eZ©gv‡b Globaligation kãwU wek¦Rbxb ev mve©Rbxb|
mvavibfv‡e ejv hvq cuywR I cÖhyw³i Aeva cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK mgš^q mvabB wek¦vqb| mvaviYZ A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K wek¦vqb n‡”Q mgMÖ wek¦‡K GKwU gvÎ wekvj evRv‡i cwiYZ Kiv|
wek¦vqb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ mgvRweÁvbx wewfbœ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wek¦vq‡bi cÖavb ZvwË¡K †ivjvÛ ievU©mb e‡jb Òwek¦vqb nj we‡k¦i ms‡KvPb I ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZv|Ó
wek¦e¨vsK cÖv³b †cÖwm‡W›U †Rgm wW. Dj‡dbmb Gi g‡Z wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi we‡k¦i ivóªmg~‡ni Avš—wbf©ikxjZv I Avš—ms‡hvM e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ wewb‡qvM A_©, cÖhyw³, ˆewk¦K cwi‡ek kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ bZzb my‡hvM myweav GgbwK Avš—R©vwZK A_©, cÖhyw³, ˆewkó¨ cwi‡ek kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ bZzb my‡hvM myweav GgbwK Avš—R©vwZK A_© msKU RwoZ|
Ayubur Rahman Bhuiyan Gi g‡Z, Globalization means trade liberalization, such as deregulation, privatization, and free trade in the global economy.
Globalization 101. org wek¦vq‡bi msÁvq e‡j, Globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations.
gvk©vj g¨vK‡jvnvb, Gi g‡Z †Mvevj wf‡jR aviYvi cwiewZ©Z iƒcB n‡”Q wek¦vqb|Ó
gvwU©b Avj‡eªv e‡jb, Òwek¦vqb nj GKwU mvgwMÖK KwgDwbwUi g‡a¨ mg¯— gvbyl‡K wb‡q Avmvi cÖwµqv|Ó
Gb’wb wM‡fÝ Gi g‡Z, Òwek¦vqb nj wek¦e¨vcx mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i cÖMvpKiY|Ó
wek¦vqb n‡jv eZ©gvb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi hy‡M Ggb GKwU cÖPwjZ I MÖnY‡hvM¨ aviYv hv mviv we‡k¦ GKB ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v I GKB mvs¯‹…wZK bKkv ˆZwi K‡iw`‡”Q Ges `ye©j K‡i w`‡”Q RvwZ ivóª‡K|
myZivs Aeva evwYR¨, gy³eRvi A_©bxwZ, cuywRi MwZkxjZv, Drcv`b, †hvMv‡hvM Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖevn Ges Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni gva¨‡g mKj †`‡ki GB †gvnbvq wgwjZ aviv‡K wek¦vqb e‡j|
wek¦vq‡bi cUf~wg:
GKwesk kZvwãi ïi“UvB wQj PKgcÖ`| G kZvwãi †Mvov‡ZB Cyber hy‡M cÖ‡e‡ki AvKv•¶v‡K ev¯—‡ei w`‡K avweZ K‡i‡Q| KviY gvbemf¨Zvi g~‡j †h weÁvb cÖhyw³i e¨vcK Dbœqb Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœqb hvi Pig weKvkgvb iƒc jvf K‡iwQj wesk kZvwãi †klv‡a©| BwZnv‡mi w`‡K `„wó w`‡q †evSv hv‡e †h, wek¦e¨vcx ivRbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê DcjwäMZ w`K bvbvfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q, weewZ©Z n‡”Q| †lvok I mßv`k kZvãx Pvwc‡q Ebwesk kZvãx Ry‡oB Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡jv bLi we¯—„Z wQj c„w_exe¨vcx| wek¦e¨vcx Surplus Products ev evowZ m¤ú` AvniY‡K mvg‡b wb‡q Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡jv nvZ cÖmvwiZ| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³mg~n wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci †_‡KB †jR ¸wU‡q P‡j †h‡Z ïi“ K‡i| GKBfv‡e †kvl‡Yi hvZvKj †_‡K c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂj gy³ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges wesk kZvãxi †klfv‡M AvÂwjK, eûRvwZK eK Ges Dc AvÂwjK avivq Gmg¯— AÂj¸‡jv n‡Z _v‡K wesk kZvãxi †klva©, Avi GKB mgq VvÊv hy‡×i Ae`vb me wgwj‡q GKB KZ©„‡Z¡i Aax‡b wek¦vqb e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j wek¦evmxi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| Globalization Gi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U we‡kl K‡i KwgDwbR‡gi cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| Global Village G aviYvwU e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| World Trade Organization (WTO) ev wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi QÎQvqvq †MvUv wek¦ gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi avivevwnK wek¦vq‡bi w`‡K avweZ n‡q‡Q| GKB avivq Dbœqbkxj ivóª Ges AbybœZ ivóªmg~‡n evwYR¨ mnRxKiY Z_v D`vixKvi‡Yi d‡j DbœZ we‡k¦i mv‡_ GK ai‡bi Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| G‡¶‡Î KZK †bwZevPK cÖfve `„wó‡MvPi nq|
1. ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZ wbf©iZv e„w× cvq|
2. AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n µgvMZ wb¯^tZvi w`‡K avweZ nq|
3. AbybœZ †`k‡K GwM‡q †bqv I evwYR¨gyLx Kivi cÖqvm m„wó nq|
G ai‡bi Z_vKw_Z mnvqZv cÖ`vb‡K mvg‡b wb‡q wek¦vq‡bi m~Pbv| Av‡iv GKwU we‡kl‡Y wM‡q ej‡Z cvwi, `xN© Pvi `k‡Ki mœvqyyhy× Ges w؇giy Ae¯’v‡b `Ûvqgvb `y‡Uv avivq cÖvwZôvwbK Aemvb N‡U ÔÔIqvimÓ Pyw³ evwZj Ges †mvwf‡qZ mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| mœvqyyhy× wQj cuywRevw` we‡klZ: gvwK©b mgvR Gi mv‡_ mgvRZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vi Ø›Ø| ej‡Z wØav †bB, 1991 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †bZ…‡Z¡ wek¦ ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ bZzbfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq mœvqyyhy‡×i Aemv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| mgvRZvwš¿K ej‡qi civRq I gvwK©b jwei gnvweRq ZvB m½ZKvi‡YB Avk•Kv n‡qwQj A_©‰bwZK APjve¯’vi Aemvb cuywRev`x ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZi weKvk Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqb| Kvh©Z: wek¦vqb Gi avivYvq A_©‡bwZK wek¦vqb (Economy Globalization) I kw³kvjx DbœZ ivóªmg~‡ni Amg evwYR¨ bxwZ Dbœqbkxj wek¦‡K †hgb nZvk K‡i‡Q †Zgwb we‡ivax c‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Q|
wek¦vq‡bi D™¢e I ˆewkó¨:
Bs‡iRx Globalization ev wek¦vqb kãwU wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Ici mxgve× bq; eis GwU wek¦Rbxb I me©Rbxb| GwU GKwU aviYv (Concept)| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv aviYvwU bZzb bq, Gi Aw¯—Z¡ c~‡e©I wQj, Z‡e wfbœfv‡e Ges wfbœ MwZ‡Z| GKB KvR †hgb Ae¯’v‡f‡` Avnvi Kiv, LvIqv I †Mjv nq, wVK †Zgwbfv‡e wek¦vqbI G‡K mgq G‡K iƒc aviY K‡i|
AZx‡Zi Kj¤^vm, fv‡¯‹v `v Mvgv, wjwfs‡÷b, GWIqvW© KzKz-Gi `ytmvnmx mgy`ª weRqx AwfhvÎxi †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹vi A_ev wewfbœ †`‡ki ewYK‡`i Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡q evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv A_ev wnD‡qb mvs, dv-wn‡qb, Avj †ei“bx, Be‡b eZzZv, gv‡K©v †cv‡jvi g‡Zv cwieªvRK‡`i wek¦mdi‡K wek¦vq‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©vq ev m~Pbv ejv hvq|
AvaywbK ev AvR‡Ki wek¦vqb wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ¯^Zš¿| Diy¸‡q ivDÛ, M¨vU, WweøDwUI BZ¨vw` bv‡g Avm‡j mgMÖ wek¦‡K GKwU evRv‡i cwiYZ Kivi †Póv P‡j Avm‡Q A‡bK w`b n‡ZB| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci Lywo‡q Pjv cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ I `yB civkw³i Av`wk©K Ø›Ø mœvqyhy‡×i Rb¥ †`q| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b †h Ôwek¦vqbÕ Gi K_v gy‡L gy‡L †kvbv hv‡”Q Gi myPbv nq ms¯‹viev`x †mvwf‡qZ †bZv wgLvBj Me©v‡Pf Gi Ô†c‡i‰¯¿KvÕ (Perestroika) Ges ÔMøvvmb¯ZÕ (Glassnost) bxwZ †_‡K †hLv‡b Me©v‡Pf †P‡qwQ‡jb wek¦ e¨e¯’vi cybtms¯‹iY, D`vibxwZ, bZzbfv‡e wek¦wPš—v, mK‡ji Rb¨ kvwš—, e„nrkw³i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv Ges VvÛv jovB‡qi cwimgvwß| G‡¶‡Î 1990 wLª÷v‡ãi †njwmswK (wdbj¨vÛ) Awa‡ekbwU Lye ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQj Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ZrKvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U wmwbqi RR© eyk G Ôwek¦vqbÕ aviYvwUi eûj cÖ‡qvM I e¨envi wbwðZ K‡ib| wek¦vqb GLb GwM‡q Pj‡Q `ªyZ †_‡K `ªyZZi MwZ‡Z|
wek¦vq‡bi ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡P avivevwnKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
1. wek¦vqb wek¦‡K GK‡giy‡Kw›`ªKZv †_‡K eû‡giy‡Kw›`ªK we‡k¦ cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
2. wek¦vqb wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq G‡b w`‡qQ| †`‡k †`‡k gvby‡l gvby‡l ¸i“Z¡ n«vm K‡i‡Q AcwiwPwZ, e¨eavb K‡g Avm‡Q|
3. wek¦vqb gvby‡l gvby‡l †`‡k †`‡k fvlvMZ, AvPvi AvPiYMZ e¨eavb Kwg‡q w`‡”Q| mviv c„w_ex †hb n‡q D‡V‡Q gvby‡li wb‡Ri †`k| gvbyl µ‡gB †hb n‡q D‡V‡Q wek¦ bvMwiK|
4. wek¦vqb gvby‡l gvby‡l fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi Nwbô †hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q wek¦ mf¨Zvi DbœwZI Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Q|
5. wek¦vqb GKjv Pjvi bxwZ †iva K‡i `‡k wgwj Kwi KvR bxwi cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q|
6. wek¦vqb be¨ Jcwb‡ewkKZvev‡`i cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q bZzb bxwZ I bZzb fw½‡Z|
7. wek¦vqb `wi`ª †`‡ki †jvK-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q|
8. wek¦vqb Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq ˆecweK cwieZ©b mvab K‡i‡Q|
9. wek¦vqb wk¶vi †¶Î cÖmvi Kivi cvkvcvwk wk¶v‡K c‡Y¨ iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q|
10. wek¦vqb †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î GK bZzb BwZnvm m„wó K‡i‡Q|
11. wek¦vqb c~‡e©i GK‡Kw›`ªK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i eû‡Kw›`ªK e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡iQ|
12. wek¦vqb cY¨ I †mevi gvb DbœZ K‡i c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q|
13. wek¦vqb ¶gZv I KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g DbœZ cuywRev`x ivóª Zvi ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡‡K wek¦gq cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
14. wek¦vqb mš¿vm I Aciva RMr‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
15. wek¦vqb cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v w`b w`b e„w× K‡i P‡j‡Q| d‡j cwi‡ek w`b w`b gvby‡li Ici weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i wek¦‡K gvby‡li emev‡mi A‡hvM¨ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
16. wek¦vqb Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i Aeva cÖevn cÖmvwiZ Kivi cvkvcvwk †hŠbZv wnsmªZvi e„w× NwU‡qQ|
17. wek¦vqb eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi †`ŠivZ¥¨‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
18. wek¦vqb gvby‡l gvby‡l †`‡k †`‡k m‡›`n I Awek¦vm evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
19. wek¦vqb AvÂwjKZvev` I Avš—R©vwZKZvev‡`i cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q| M‡o Zz‡j‡Q wewfbœ AvÂwjK msMVb (EU, AU, ASEAN) mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦ e¨e¯’vi wb`k©b|
20. wek¦vqb mvs¯‹…wZK AMÖvmb‡K cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Q| m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ‡K wek¦gq Qwo‡q w`‡”Q| d‡j gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, g~j¨‡eva, wPš—v †PZbv, Rxebhvcb, cwievi e¨e¯’v cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡”Q|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi mv‡eK gnvcwiPvjK gvB‡Kj †Kg‡dmvm Ges RvwZms‡Ni mvgvwRK Dbœqb welqK M‡elYv cÖwZôvb wek¦vqb cÖwµqv‡K wbæ ewY©Z wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkó K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K wek¦vq‡bi ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Gme ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv nj-
gy³ evwYwR¨K bxwZi cÖmviZv Ges D`vixKiY|
evRvi e¨e¯’v cÖvavb¨|
wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡K GKxf~ZKiY|
Drcv`b cÖwµqv I µg evRv‡i iƒcvš—i|
weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cwieZ©b I m¤cÖmviY|
cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g ˆecweK cwieZ©b|
‡emiKvixKiY|
gy`ªv wewbgq e¨e¯’v D`vixKiY|
A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvix wbqš¿Y I Lei`vix n«vmKiY|
‡fvMev‡`i welqwU mywe‡ePbv|
ißvwb gyLx wkívq‡bi MwZ ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc|
wek¦vqb I `wi`ª †`kmg~‡ni Ici Gi cÖwZwµqv:
wek¦vq‡bi µgea©gvb cÖwZwµqv DbœZ AbybœZ iv‡óªi gvby‡li Rxe‡b bvbvfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| †Kv_vI G cÖwZwµqv BwZevPK Avevi †Kv_vI Zv †bwZevPK| GKB cÖR‡b¥i †¶‡Î ¯’vb we‡kl †Kv_vI wb‡q G‡m‡Q mg„w× Avevi †Kv_vI †b‡gQ A_©‰bwZK aŸsm| Z‡e wek¦vq‡bi cÖwZwµqv me‡P‡q †ewk `wi`ª †`kmg~‡n| wb‡P avivevwnKfv‡e `wi`ª †`kmg~‡n wek¦vq‡bi cÖwZwµqv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
1. abx `wi`ª ˆelg¨ I gvbe eÂbv:
we‡k¦i abx 1 fvM gvbyl 57 fvM `wi`ª gvby‡li mgvb Avq K‡i| Av‡gwiKvi abx 10 fvM RbM‡Yi Avq we‡k¦i 43 fvM `wi`ª RbM‡Yi mgvb| 1913 wLóv‡ã we‡k¦i `wi‡`ªi kZKiv nvi wQj 13.1 fvM hv 1992 wLªóv‡ã G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q 77.1 fv‡M| we‡k¦ cqtwb®‹vkb myweavewÂZ `wi`ª gvby‡li msL¨v 260 †KvwU| cvbxq Rj myweavewÂZ gvbyl 180 †KvwU, cywó myweavewÂZ gvbyl 84 †KvwU| we‡k¦i 150 †KvwU gvbyl 60 eQi eqm nIqvi Av‡MB g„Zz¨eiY K‡i|
2. wk¶v e¨e¯’v:
wek¦ve`¨vj‡qi Ici wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve gvivZ¥K| wk¶ve¨e¯’v weMZ †`ok eQ‡iI Ggb P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb nqwb| wek¦vwe`¨vjqmg~n wek¦vq‡bi d‡j nviv‡”Q Zvi gh©v`v, ¯^KxqZv| D”P wk¶v, mvaviY wk¶vq ch©ewmZ n‡q‡Q| wk¶v iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”Q c‡Y¨| nviv‡”Q Zvi eyw×e„wËK PP©vi †K›`ªwe›`y| †gav¯^Ë¡ I eyw×e„wËK m¤úwËi †c‡U›U eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wK‡b wb‡”Q| hvi d‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Drcv`b¶g n‡”Q bv| cvðvZ¨ wkw¶Z m¤cÖ`v‡qi fxo †e‡o †M‡Q|
3. fvlvi †MvjK auvav:
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e we‡k¦i cÖvq 7 nvRvi fvlvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ mßvn `ywU Ges cÖwZeQi kZvwaK fvlv Acg„Zy¨i Ke‡j c‡o‡Q| G g„Z mvwi‡Z bvg wjwL‡q‡Q g¨vmPz‡m‡Ui K¨vUIqv, Avj¼vi IqvK, jvwfqvi wj‡fwbqb| we‡k¦i 60 †_‡K 90 fvM fvlv A`~i fwel¨‡Z Ggwb cwiYwZ jvf Ki‡e| 2050 wLªóv‡ã 350 †KvwU †jv‡Ki fvlv n‡e Bs‡iRx| we‡k¦i cÖwZwU `wi`ª †`‡k gvZZ…fvlvi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iRx fvlv ¯’vb K‡i wb‡”Q| gvbyl wb‡R‡K ¯§vU© K‡i †bqvi Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvi g‡a¨ Bs‡iRx, Rvcvwb, dvwm©, Aviwe fvlvi wgkªY NUv‡”Q| Gfv‡e Avc-Uz-‡WU nIqvi cÖeYZv `wi`ª †`‡ki me©Î e„w× cv‡”Q|
4. mvs¯‹…wZK AvMÖvmb:
wek¦vq‡bi bv‡g gvbyl‡K †hfv‡e m¨v‡UvjvBU P¨v‡bj cwðgv ms¯‹…wZ mieivn Ki‡Q, Zv‡K wbtm‡›`‡n mvs¯‹…wZK AvMÖvmb e‡j eY©bv Kiv hvq| ms¯‹…wZK I AMÖvmb‡K A‡b‡K ms¯‹wZK mvgªvR¨ev` e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| we¤^vqb GKwU †`‡ki g~j¨‡eva, mgvRRxeb I Rxebhvc‡bi a¨vb aviYv‡K my‡KŠk‡j AbybœZ `wi`ª †`‡ki Ici Pvwc‡q w`‡”Q| Avi GUvB NU‡Q wek¦Ry‡o| Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi mgvR Rxeb µgvMZ G mvgªvR¨ev‡`i AvIZvq G‡m co‡Q| Gme †`‡ki gvby‡li AvPvi AvPiY, fvebv wPš—vq hv wKQy †`kR Zv‡K mwi‡q w`‡q RvqMv K‡i wb‡”Q cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi Abyl½|
5. mgvR e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b:
w`b w`b wek¦q‡bi cÖfv‡e `wi`ª †`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v e¨vcK cwie©b Avm‡Q| †hŠbZv, wnsmªZv e„w× cv‡”Q| RvZxq ev AvÂwjK mš¿vmev` wek¦ mš¿vmev‡` iƒc wb‡”Q| ˆZwi n‡”Q wewfbœ `ya©l© †Mwijv ms¯’v| †`n e¨emv wek¦ evwY‡R¨i As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| cÖexY‡`i mgm¨v w`b w`b cÖKU n‡q DV‡Q| GKvbœeZ©x cwievi¸‡jv `ª“Z †f‡½ co‡Q| gvbyl n‡q DV‡Q AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK| hZ w`b hv‡”Q G mgm¨v Zxeª †_‡K ZxeªZi n‡q DV‡Q| gvby‡li †cvkvK cwi”Q‡` AvPvi AvPi‡Y, gyj¨‡ev‡a cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi AbyKiY cÖwZfvZ n‡”Q| we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g m½xZ e¨e¯’vq cvðvZ¨ iK A¨vÛ †iv‡j RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| w`b w`b wnwà‡`i msL¨v †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
6. †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v:
wek¦vq‡bi Ab¨Zg BwZevPK w`K n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi `ª“Z cwieZ©b| AZx‡Zi nvwZ ev †Nvov ev Mi“i Mvwo, †bŠKv, cvjwK cÖf…wZi ¯nvb eZ©gv‡b mvB‡Kj, †gvUi mvB‡Kj, †Uªb, hš¿PvwjZ †bŠKv, jÂ, w÷gvi, wegvb, gvB‡µvevm, evm `Lj K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Rxeb‡K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v MwZkxj K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| mgq‡K A‡bK euvwU‡q w`‡q‡Q Ges hvZvqvZ‡K Ki‡Q PgKcÖ`|
7. cuywR cÖevn I e¨emv evwYR¨:
wek¦vq‡b cuywR Aeva Avm‡e, Aev‡a hv‡e| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e Dbœqbkxj †`‡k G c`‡¶c MÖn‡bi ci cuywR †Kej evB‡ii w`‡K †h‡ZB _v‡K| G e¨e¯’vq cuywR GKwU †`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i †kqvi evRvi I wi‡qj †÷U e¨emvq dUKvevwRi Rb¨| Zvici eû¸‡Y ùxZ n‡q mvgvb¨ S‡oi AvfvmB Qy‡U cvjvq| wek¦vq‡bi g~j PvwjKvkw³ n‡jv e¨emv evwYR¨| wkíc‡Y¨i evwYR¨ MZ 50 eQ‡i 1k ¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 1955 wLª÷v‡ã †hLv‡b wek¦ evwY‡R¨i cwigvY wQj 95 wewjqb Wjvi, eZ©gv‡b G cwigvY e„w× †c‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q 29,935 wewjq‡b ( wek¦ evwYR¨ wi‡cvU© 2013) Wjv‡i| e¨emv evwYR¨ LvZ A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ LvZ †_‡K `ª“ZZg mg‡q †ewk cÖe„w× AR©b K‡iQ| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv we‡k¦i m¤¢vebvgq ¯’v‡b cuywR wewb‡qvM K‡i G wewb‡qvMK…Z †`k‡K bvbvfv‡e wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q hv‡”Q| G‡¶‡Î Amnvq n‡q co‡Q wbf©ikxj `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi †cÖmwµck‡b `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K mKj bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡”Q|
8. cwi‡ek e¨e¯’v:
wek¦vqb cwi‡e‡ki Ici e¨vcK cÖwZwµqv `„wó K‡i‡Q| bZzb †fvM¨ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z Drcv`b e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvIqvq cwi‡ek Kve©b WvB A•vBW M¨vm wbtmiY gvÎv wkívwqZ G hy‡M eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j cwi‡e‡k MÖxb nvDR M¨vm wbtmiY e„w× cvIqvq I‡Rvb ¯Z‡i dvUj †e‡o hv‡”Q, mgy`ªc„‡ô cvwbi D”PZv e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi Rb¨ `vqx DbœZ wek¦| wKš‘ G `vq Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡”Q `wi`ª we‡k¦i Nv‡o| ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv| AvenvIqvi e¨vcK cwieZ©‡b we‡k¦ w`b w`b eb¨v, Liv, N~wY©So, `vevbj, f~wgK¤ú †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
9. K…wl I wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v:
wek¦vqb K…wl‡¶‡Î `wi`ª we‡k¦ e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| c~‡e© gvbyl K…wlKv‡R jv½j, †Rvqvj, gB e¨envi Ki‡Zv| GLb †mLv‡b Uªv±i e¨envi Ki‡Q| K…wl Drcv`b eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| K…wl Rwgi De©iZv e„w× Ki‡Z ˆRe mv‡ii cwie‡Z© ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi Ki‡Q| K…wl Avev` †mP hš¿ wn‡m‡e †`vb ev †muIwZ e¨env‡ii cwieZ©b m¨v‡jv †gwkb e¨envi Ki‡Q| Av‡M wk¶vi Afv‡e mvaviY gvbyl cxi dwK‡ii Svo duyK, cvwb cov, ZvweR KeR, gvbZ, `vb `w¶‡Yi wek¦vm K‡i Avc` wec` †_‡K gyw³jv‡fi †Póv KiZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b gvbyl wkw¶Z nIqvi d‡j Avw_©K mvg_©¨ e„w× cvIqvq Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hv”Q| GKKv‡ji K‡jiv emš— gnvgvix _vK‡jI AvR Zv cÖvq wejywßi c‡_, DbœZ Jla Avwe®‹vi nIqvi d‡j| Av‡Mi w`‡b †jv‡K cxi dwK‡ii Øvi¯’ n‡Zv, Zviv Zš¿ g‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ MÖvg eÜb, †`n eÜb, Ni eÜb K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv Ki‡Zv| G Ae¯nv we`~wiZ cÖvq| GLv‡bB gvby‡li †PZbv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| cyiv‡bv wek¦v‡m dvUj a‡i‡Q, Ávb weÁv‡b Av¯’v R‡b¥‡Q| cwiev‡ii RbmsL¨v n«v‡m Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖnY K‡i Rb¥ kvm‡b DØy× n‡”Q|
wek¦vq‡bi KviY:
wek¦vqb Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv FYx iv󪸇jv‡K Av‡iv FYx Ges Mixe ivóª‡K Av‡iv Mixe K‡i| Gi †cQ‡b †h KviY¸‡jv `vqx †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKvk:
wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i we¯§qKi weKvk| wek¦‡K hy³ Kivi cÖ_g cÖwµqv ïi“ n‡qwQj wek¦e¨vcx †UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| Zvici µgvš^‡q †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢veb N‡U Ges 1969 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ARPANET cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g ïi“ nq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui| B›Uvi‡bU I B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g mgMÖ wek¦‡K GKm~‡Î †Mu‡_‡Q|
2. eûRvwZK ms¯’v M‡o †Zvjv:
wek¦vq‡bi 2q ¸i“Z¡c~Y KviY n‡”Q we‡k¦i Ges evB‡ii †Kvb †Kvb A‡j wekvj eûRvwZK ms¯’v Zv‡`i cÖhyw³ Ges e¨emvq †KŠkj GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k cÖmvi NUvq| Gfv‡e enRvwZK ms¯’v A_©‰bwZK GKÎxKi‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
3. wek¦ mgvR e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b:
c„w_ex‡Z wPi¯’vqx I cwieZ©b e‡j wKQy †bB| cÖK…wZi I mvaviY wbq‡gi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q mgvR e¨e¯’vi| hvi d‡j wek¦vq‡bi weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
4. Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b:
mg‡q cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbyl Zvi cyivZb gbgvbwmKZv‡K we`vq w`‡q bZzb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡”Q| d‡j wek¦vq‡bi aviYv A‡bKvs‡k MÖnY‡hvM¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡”Q|
5. MYZ‡š¿i we¯—vi:
GKwesk kZ‡K MYZ‡š¿i Aeva cÖmvi mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Avi MYZ‡š¿i cÖmvi wek¦vq‡bi we¯—v‡i Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
6. ms¯‹…wZi Aeva cÖmvi:
eZ©gv‡b ms¯‹…wZi Aeva cÖmv‡ii d‡j †MvUv we‡k¦i gvbyl GKB m~‡Î Ave×| hvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z weKvk mvwaZ n‡”Q wek¦vqb aviYvi|
7. Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi ¯ú„nv:
2q wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x mg‡q Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv Zv‡`i fwel¨r cwiYwZi w`‡K j¶¨ bv K‡i Pjgvb Dbœqb‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wek¦vqb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| d‡j Zv‡`i GB DbœqbgyLx ¯ú„nvi Rb¨ wek¦vq‡bi weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
8. cwi‡e‡ki msKU †gvKv‡ejv Kiv:
eZ©gvb AvaywbKvqb wKQzz †`‡ki Rb¨ Avkxe©v` wKQy †`‡ki Rb¨ Avw_©K SuywK ¯^iƒc| ïay ZvB bq A‡bK mgq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZvq †h †Kvb mgq cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v m„wó nq| hv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wek¦e¨vcx mn‡hvwMZv|
9. mgvRZ‡š¿i gš’i MwZ:
90Õi `k‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i MwZ wKQyUv w¯—wgZ nIqvq G RvqMv `Lj K‡i mvgªvR¨ev` kw³| mvgªR¨ev`xkw³i G weKv‡ki d‡j wek¦vq‡bi c_ cÖk¯— nq|
10. mvgªvR¨evw`‡`i D”Pvwfjvl:
wesk I GKwesk kZ‡K mvgªvR¨ev`xiv bZzb D`¨g wb‡q KvR ïi“ K‡i| †MvUv wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q Zviv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q Zv‡`i Kvh©µg| d‡j msKzwPZ n‡q hv‡”Q mvgªvR¨ev`x a¨vb aviYvi Ges weKvk mvwaZ n‡”Q wek¦vq‡bi aviYvi|
wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi Aeqe:
wek¦vqb cÖwµqv GKwU me©vZ¥K cÖwµqv| Zey Gi cÖavb AeNi ¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e we‡klY Kiv m¤¢e|
1. A_©‰bwZK wek¦vqb:
1800 mvj †_‡K 1913 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wek¦ Drcv`‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ e„w× cvq 3% †_‡K 33%| GB evwYR¨ wbqwš¿Z wQj gvÎ PviwU †`‡ki g‡a¨- weª‡Ub, d«vÝ, Rvg©vwb I gvwK©b hy³ivóª| 2q wek¦hy‡×i ci †_‡K evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y P‡j hvq gvwK©b hy³ivóª nv‡Z| RvwZmsN Dbœqb ‡cÖvMÖvg 1999 Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv hvq †h, wek¦vqb Kg©Kv‡Êi mydj †c‡q‡Q gvÎ 10 kZvsk gvbyl| GKB ms¯’vi 2001 mv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq G wek¦vqb cÖwµqv †MvUv wek¦‡K `yB fv‡e wef³ K‡i †d‡j‡Q| KviY 1960 mv‡j FYx †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ Mixe †`‡ki AbycvZ wQj 30:1| 1997 mv‡j GB AbycvZ `uvovq 74:1|
wek¦ A_©©bxwZi 3q ch©vq‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wek¦vq‡bi hyM hvi 3wU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ _v‡K h_v:
1. g~ja‡bi AZ¨šÍ `ª“Z PjvPj|
2. cÖZ¨¶ ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡jL‡hvM¨ e„w×|
3. eûRvwZK ms¯’vi AvwacË¡|
eûRvwZK ms¯’v:
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi e¨emv msµvš— cÖwZôvbmg~n GKÎxfe‡bi gva¨‡g eûRvwZK ms¯’vi weKvk jvf K‡i| N. Walters Gi Globaligation (1995) Gi Z_¨ Abyhvqx 1998 mv‡j we‡k¦i 20000 eûRvwZK ms¯’v hv‡`i ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú` wQj 1.1 wUªwjqb Wjvi Ges †gvU `¤ú` wQj cÖvq 4 wUªwjqb Wjvi| Gfv‡eB wek¦vq‡bi A_©‰bwZK w`Kmg~n eûRvwZK ms¯’vi Dci wbf©i n‡q c‡o‡Q|
ivR‰bwZK wek¦vqb:
eZ©gvbKv‡ji GKwU eo ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q RvwZiv‡óªi Ae¶q Ges Avš—R©vwZK cÖwZô‡bi weKvk|hv 1920 mvj †_‡K ïi“ nq| Avš—R©vwZK miKvi ms¯’vi weKvk| 1955 mv‡j RvwZmsN e¨e¯’v †_‡K Zvi `ª“Z weKvk nq| 1992 mvj ch©šÍ G ai‡bi cÖwZôvb wQj 3000 wU|
mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vqb:
AvaywbK hy‡Mi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q MYgva¨g‡K †K›`ª K‡i| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vq‡bi Dr‡m i‡q‡Q †fvM¨ cY¨, ms¯‹…wZ wkí Ges MYgva¨‡gi mvgªvR¨| ÷zqvU© nj Zvi 'Globaligation and Ethnility' eB‡q D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, AvaywbK cÖhyw³i wfwˇZ M‡o DVv MYms¯‹…wZ fvlvMZ e¨eavb‡K AwZµg K‡i GKwU mvaviY ePb ˆZix Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve:
Dbœqbkxj †`k wn‡m‡e we‡k¦ evsjv‡`k cwiwPZ| cwðgv DbœZ Ges Gkxq DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Pv‡c c‡o evsjv‡`‡ki wkí evwYR¨ Ges gy`ªv evRvi GKwU µvwš—Kvj AwZµg Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi ch©vqf~³ n‡jI GLv‡b GLbI cÖvwZôvwbK wfwË jvf Kivi gZ cwi‡ek M‡o D‡Vwb| G †`k eZ©gv‡b we‡`kx c‡Y¨i evRv‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q| wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvB.Gg.Gdmn wewfbœ `vZv †Mvôxi bvbv ai‡bi kZ© Av‡iv‡ci Kvi‡Y †`‡ki gy`ªv evRvi I cyuwR evRvi GLb ch©š— †Kvb msnZ KvVv‡gv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| ißvwb e„w×i ARynv‡Z eQi GKvwaKevi gy`ªvi gvb n«vm Kiv n‡”Q| G †`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q IVvbvgv Ki‡Q| Z_vwc A_©‰bwZK mÿgZvi Rb¨ `vZv‡Mvôxi w`‡K †P‡q _vK‡Z nq|
†`‡ki wkívqb cÖwµqvi Rb¨ my¯úó I Kvh©Ki AeKvVv‡gv, ivóªxq AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK wewagvjv cÖ‡qvRb| †`‡ki eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨v³v weKv‡ki Rb¨ †`‡ki Avw_©K cÖwZôvb I miKvi‡K Dchy³ †¶Î M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| ivóªxq Dbœqb Kg©KvʇK msm‡` Kvh©Kifv‡e mej Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ miKvix I †emiKvix `jmg~‡ni m¤§vwbK msm` m`m¨‡`i‡K Dbœqb cÖwµqvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e| wek¦vqb aviYvq evsjv‡`‡ki gZ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n‡K m¤ú„³ nIqvi Rb¨ A‡NvwlZ kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq GLb ch©š— cÖhyw³ I cuywR n¯—vš—‡ii Rb¨ cwðgv DbœZ †`kmg~n †Kvb w`K wb‡`©kYv cÖ`vb K‡i wb| †`kxq cY¨ ißvwbi †¶‡Î evwYwR¨K mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ GLbI †Kvb c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv nq wb| we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvixiv †`‡ki wkívq‡bi cÖwZ Lye GKUv ¸i“Z¡ w`‡”Q bv| eis Zviv †Kej †Zj, M¨vm I R¡vjvwb wbf©j evwY‡R¨ m¤ú„³ n‡Z Pvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^v_© wmw×i Rb¨ wewfbœfv‡e Avš—R©vwZK Pvc m„wó Ki‡Q| gy³ evRvi I wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi m‡½ we‡`kx DbœZ †`k¸‡jv evsjv‡`kx evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z Pv‡”Q| Z‡e Rvcvb, Pxb I Ab¨vb¨ KwZcq eÜzcÖwZg †`k evsjv‡`‡ki AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| BwZg‡a© Pxb ˆgÎx †mZy, hgybv eûgyLx †mZzmn GKvwaK cÖKí ev¯—evqb n‡q‡Q| UNICEF mn wKQy cwðgv DbœZ †`k evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K cÖhyw³ wbf©iZvi m‡½ †X‡j mvRv‡bvi civgk© w`‡”Q| civgk©wU my›`i n‡jI †`‡ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 5% †_‡K 10% ch©š— Kvh©Ki Kiv m¤¢e G †¶‡Î ivóªxq ch©v‡q bxwZ wba©viK‡`i‡K ev¯—e Ae¯’v we‡klY K‡i GKwU h‡_vchy³ DbœZ bxwZgvjv MÖnY I ev¯—evq‡b GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| G‡`‡ki †Uwj‡dvb I Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡mev LvZmg~n †m‡K‡j| ZvB G¸‡jvi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I be be cÖhyw³ ms‡hvRb nIqv Ri“wi| mvwe©Kfv‡e wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi m¤ú„³ nIqvi Rb¨ `ª“Z Kvh©Ki c×wZ MÖnY Kiv GKvš— Acwinvh©| G mKj welq h_vh_fv‡e we‡ewPZ bv n‡j †`k µgk Amxg msK‡Ui w`‡K avweZ n‡Z _vK‡e|
cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi †h me cÖwZôvb cy‡ivcywifv‡e Z_¨cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i wb ZvivI bvbvb mgm¨vq co‡Q| wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii m‡½ DbœZZi cÖhyw³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gvÎv I wewfbœ †¶‡Î wewfbœfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡”Q| myZivs evsjv‡`k‡K wek¦vq‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z n‡j cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e|
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Rb¨ mgvb n‡e bv| Dbœqbkxj †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k wek¦vq‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK `yB ai‡bi cÖfveB j¶¨Yxq|
wek¦vq‡bi †NvlYvq Gi BwZevPK w`K †`wL‡q ejv n‡qwQj wek¦vq‡bi d‡j wek¦ A_©bxwZ †Rvi`vi n‡e Ges gvbe Dbœq‡bi wb‡æv³ my‡hvM ¸‡jv m„wó n‡e| h_v:
1. gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×|
2. wewb‡qvM e„w×|
3. Rxebavivi gv‡bi Dbœqb|
4. mvgvwRK Ae¯’vq DbœwZ|
5. cÖhyw³Ávb m¤úbœ gvbe kw³i Dbœqb|
6. wkívqb I †UKmB Dbœqb|
7. DbœZ I myiw¶Z mvgvwRK cwi‡ek|
wb‡æ evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z wek¦q‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK cÖeve Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
BwZevPK cÖfve:
1. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envi Dbœqb:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †Quvqv †j‡M †M‡Q †MvUv we‡k¦| evsjv‡`kI Gi e¨wZµg bq| evsjv‡`k BwZg‡a¨ 25/55 wU †`‡ki mv‡_ ¯^í g~‡j¨ †Uwj‡qvMv‡hvM mvwf©m ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| 6wU †gveBj Acv‡iUi †Kv¤úvbx evsjv‡`k †mev †`qv ïi“ K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k SEA-ME-WE-4 bvgK Kb‡mvwU©qv‡g †hvM`vb K‡i mve‡gwib K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvq AvaywbK †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM I AvBwmwU †¶‡Î Afvebxq cwieZ©b Av‡m| G‡Z K‡i G‡`‡ki AvBwU Lv‡Zi Dbœqb N‡U Ges NU‡e| Ges evsjv‡`k miKvi Avw_©Kfv‡e DcK…Z n‡e|
2. gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ:
evsjv‡`k wek¦vq‡bi cÖwZ mvov w`‡q gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j †h e„nr evRvi e¨e¯’vi e¨vwß N‡U‡Q Zv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki e„Z`vqZ‡bi Drcv`b I wecbb mnR mva¨ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb n«vm cv‡”Q Drcv`b e¨q †Zgwb Ab¨ w`‡K e„w× cv‡”Q gvbydv| wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ wewfbœ †`‡ki Aeva evwYR¨ mnRmva¨ n‡q‡Q|
3. ißvwb cY¨ I Avq e„w×:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j †h ißvwb evwY‡R¨i m„w÷ n‡q‡Q G‡Z evsjv‡`k cÖwZeQi 107 wU cY¨ we‡`‡k ißvbx K‡i cÖPzi cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i 2005-06 A_©eQv‡i †hLv‡b ißvwb Avq wQj 7517.40 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi 2006-07 G Zv nq 1260 †KvwU Wjvi| GUv ïay m¤¢e n‡q‡Q wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y|
4. wewb‡qvM:
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve evsjv‡`k bZzb bZzb Bwc‡RW (EPZ) ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Av`gRx EPZ Qvov evKx 8 G eZ©gv‡b †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY 128 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi| evsjv‡`‡ki wewb‡qvMKvixmn †gvU 30 wU †`k B‡Zvg‡a¨ EPZ mg~‡n cuywR wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q wek¦vq‡bi d‡j|
5. Kg©ms¯’vb:
Bwc‡RW ¯’vcb I wewb‡qvM e„w×i KviY evsjv‡`‡k 8wU EPZ G cÖZ¨¶fv‡e 9 jvL 65 nvRvi I c‡iv¶fv‡e Av‡iv 50 nvRvi evsjv‡`kx kªwg‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói gva¨‡g `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b wek¦vq‡bi Ae`vb ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
6. K…wl:
wek¦q‡bi cÖfv‡e we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k †_‡K DbœZgv‡bi km¨exR Avg`vwb K‡i G‡`‡ki Lv`¨k‡m¨i Drcv`b e„w× Kiv n‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ wRwWwc‡Z K…wl Lv‡Zi mgwš^Z Ae`vb e„w× cv‡”Q|
7. wk¶v:
wek¦vq‡bi cÖev‡e GK †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM DbœZ nIqvi evsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖwZeQi cÖPzi wk¶v_©x BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvmn Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ †`k †_‡K wek¦vq‡bi wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡q †`‡k wd‡i †`‡ki wewfbœ Lv‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
8. wkí †¶‡Îi cwieZ©b:
wek¦vq‡bi Rb¨ †MvUv we‡k¦i wkí †¶‡Î Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j evsjv‡`kI wcwQ‡q †bB| G‡`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb c~‡e©i Zzjbvq A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| hv G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
9. A_©evRv‡ii Dbœqb:
wek¦q‡bi cÖfve †`‡ki A_©evRv‡i cÖvY m¯’vwqZ n‡q‡Q| †`k A‡bK ¸‡jv †`kx I we‡`kx e¨vsK cÖwZôZ n‡q‡Q| wek¦vq‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U miKv‡ii D`vi A_©‰bwZK Kg©m~Px †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê MwZkxjZv Avbvqb K‡i|
10. Avš—R©vwZK gvb:
wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y we‡`kx wk‡íi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j Avgv‡`i †`kx wkí mg~n Avš—R©vwZK gvb m¤úbœ nq|
†bwZevPK cÖfve:
1. †`kx wkí aŸsm:
gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z c‡Y¨i †h ¸YMZ gvb cÖ‡qvRb evsjv‡`‡ki Zv mieivn Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv| Ab¨ w`‡K DbœZ †`‡ki cY¨ Aev‡a hv †`‡ki evRvi `Lj K‡i P‡j‡Q| d‡j evsjv‡`k µgvš^‡q we‡`kx c‡Y¨i evRv‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q Ges aŸsm n‡”Q †`kx wkí| A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv †f‡½ co‡Q µgk| †`‡ki Drcv`b I e¨emvi Dci Av‡ivwcZ n‡”Q bbU¨vwid ai‡bi bvbv evav| d‡j †`kxq wewfbœ HwZn¨evnx wkí aŸsm n‡”Q|
2. †MvcbxqZv duvm:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j Avgv‡`i gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki c‡¶ ivóªxq †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv KwVb| B›Uvi‡bU B-‡gBj BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb †Mvcbxq `wjj| Z_¨ `ª“Z we‡`kx cÖwZc‡¶i d‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. †gav cvPvi:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j cÖwZeQi G †`k †_‡K D”P wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖPzi wk¶v_©x DbœZ †`‡k wM‡q Avi wdi‡Qbv| Gfv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †gav I m¤ú` Aev‡a Ab¨ †`‡k cvPvi n‡q hv‡”Q|
4. mvs¯‹…wZK AvMÖvmb:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j wek¦Ry‡o cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi weKvk N‡U‡Q| hvi cÖfv‡e aŸsm n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †jvK ms¯‹…wZ Ges hye mgvR|
5. kZ© cÖ‡qvM:
c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q eo cwi‡ek `~lYKvix n‡”Q hy³ivóª I BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb| A_P ZvivB wewfbœ `vZv ms¯’vi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi kZ© Ry‡o w`‡”Q Ges Avš—R©vwZK †gav¯^Z¡ msi¶‡Yi m¤úwK©Z AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Z…Zxq wek¦‡K Pvc w`‡”Q| GUvB n‡”Q wek¦vq‡bi d‡j|
6. ïé myweavi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k cY¨ ißvwbi †¶‡Î gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi AvIZvi bvh¨Z †h ai‡bi ïé myweav cvIqvi K_v A‡bK †¶‡Î Zv cv‡”Q bv| eis wkKvi n‡”Q ˆel‡g¨i| †hgb: evsjv‡`k ißvbxKviK‡`i, Av‡gwiKvq cY¨ ißvbxi †¶‡Î d«v‡Ýi Zzjbvq 13 ¸Y †ewk ïé w`‡Z nq|
7. wejvm `ª‡e¨i Dcw¯’wZ:
wek¦vq‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki evRv‡i wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ª‡e¨i Zzjbvq wejvm `ª‡e¨i Dcw¯’wZ †ewk|
8. bvixi Aegvbbv:
wek¦vq‡bi cÖwµqv bvix‡`i Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ki‡jI Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvixiv Avš—R©vwZK bvix cvPviKvix I †`kxq bvix e¨emvqx P‡µi wkKvi n‡”Q| gvbevwaKvi ms¯’vmg~‡ni wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k †_‡K cÖwZgv‡m 200-400 bvix I wkï we‡`‡k cvPvi n‡”Q| GUv GKgvÎ wek¦vq‡bi dj|
9. Avq ˆelg¨ e„w×:
evsjv‡`‡ki †¶‡Î wek¦vq‡bi †h myweav Zv ïay FYxivB Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Ges FYx I Mix‡ei Avq ˆelg¨ µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| UNDP wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx Av‡gwiKvi abx 10% RbM‡Yi Avq we‡k¦i 43% `vwi`ª RbM‡Yi Av‡qi mgvb| 1985-86 mv‡j hLb wek¦vqb ïi“ n‡qwQj ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki `wi`ªZg 20% RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq wQj 1531 UvKv| eZ©gvb mg‡q hv cÖvq 530 gvwK©b Wjv‡i DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki wek¦vq‡bi myweav ïay abxiv †fvM Ki‡Q| d‡j abx I `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ Avq ˆelg¨ e„w× cv‡”Q|
10. mš¿vmev`x Kvh©Kjvc e„w×:
wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y Z_¨ cÖhyw³i weKvki d‡j GLb mš¿vmev`x Kvh©Kjv‡ci gvÎvI †e‡o †M‡Q| hv evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡iv AwaK gvÎvq †e‡o‡Q|
11. †eKviZ¡ e„w×:
evsjv‡`‡ki avZ cðvrc` †`k wkí cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i eû wkí eÜ n‡q hv‡”Q| d‡j †eKvi n‡q hv‡”Q j¶ j¶ kªwgK|
wek¦vq‡bi ¶wZ Gov‡Z A_ev P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni MÖnY‡hvM¨ c`‡¶cmgyn:
wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj wek¦ KwVb P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL n‡”Q| Dbœqbkxj wek¦‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c Ges ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡æ c`‡¶c ¸‡jv D‡jL Kiv nj-
1. Drcv`b evov‡Z n‡e:
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j evwY‡R¨i D`vixKiY nIqvi Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi h‡_ó ¶wZMÖ¯’ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n‡K hw` Drcvw`Z cY¨ Øviv evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Technology Õi Diversity Secleor Gi cvkvcvwk Drcv`b gvÎv evov‡Z n‡e|
2. mwVK cwiKíbv MÖnY:
Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK G wek¦evRv‡i ¯’vb K‡i †bevi Rb¨ Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni evwYR¨ msµvš— gš¿Yvjq I ms¯’vmg~n‡K A_©bxwZi byb¨Pvwn`vi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z mswkó †`‡ki bxwZ I cwiKíbv‡K myôz I Kvh©Kvix fv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. myôz cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Aven m„wó:
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ m¤ú` KwZcq †jv‡Ki nv‡Z Kzw¶MZ _vKvi myôz cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek M‡o DV‡Z cv‡ibv| ZvB myôz cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi evRvi m„wó‡Z miKvi‡K m¤ú‡`i mylg eȇbi c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e|
4. A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z i`e`j:
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡ei mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z e¨vcK i`e`j Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi:
wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi LyeB Ri“ix| GKB mv‡_ G †`kmg~‡ni Af¨š—ixY m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ we`¨gvb wkí wewb‡qvM bxwZ I e¨vsK bxwZiI e¨vcK ms¯‹vi cÖ‡qvRb|
6. cÖhyw³MZ mnvqZvi m‡e©vËg e¨envi ißvwb e„w×:
General Agreement on Lorries and Trade Pzw³‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n‡K mnRk‡Z© cÖhyw³MZ mnvqZv †`qv n‡e| evsjv‡`kmn ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni GB cÖhyw³‡Z mnvqZvi m‡e©vËg e¨envi K‡i fvimvg¨ evwYR¨ Avbvq‡b ißvwb evov‡bvi cÖ‡Póv wb‡Z n‡e|
7. fZ©yKx cÖ`vb:
United Naitons Conference on Trade and Devt. (UNCTAD)Õi gva¨‡g cÖwZeQi DbœZ wek¦ wb‡R‡`i K…wl †¶‡Î fZ©~wK w`‡jI Ab¨vb¨ AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z w`‡Z bvivR| GB ai‡bi e¨e¯’v eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Z…Zxq wek¦ wek¦vq‡bi m¤ú` mgvbfv‡e cv‡e bv|
8. Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î e¨eavb:
Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ we‡k¦i gv‡S Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †h e¨eavb we`¨gvb Zv Kgv‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Global Informaiton Society GUv Kgv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q|
9. wk¶v e¨e¯’vq AvaywbKxKiY:
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n‡K wk¶v cÖmv‡ii j‡¶¨ Dchy³ c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡k KvwiMix wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. RvZxq HK¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e:
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni cÖavb mgm¨v nj RvZxq ¯^v‡_© mswkó ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmy¨¸‡jv‡Z HK¨g‡Zi Afve| ZvB G †`‡kmg~‡ni RvZxq HK¨gZ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ `jgZ wbwe©‡k‡l GwM‡q Avmv cÖ‡qvRb|
GQvovI wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq Av‡iv wKQy Dcvq Av‡Q| †m¸‡jv nj-
AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi Dbœqb, bvix cvPvi †iva, Avš—R©vwZK gv‡bi cY¨ Drcv`b, †`kxq c‡Y¨i Avš—R©vwZK evRvi m„wó, we‡`kx cY¨ e¨envi eR©b/n«vm, kªg ißvbx my‡hvM MÖnY, †`kxq ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZ kª×v‡iva AvMÖn Kiv, wgwWqvi f~wgKv e„w× BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, wek¦vqb gvwK©b I cwðgv we‡k¦i AvwacZ¨ev‡`i Abycg bKkv| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Rb¨ GUv †gv‡UB myLKi bq| myd†ji †P‡q KzdjB †ewk| GK_v mZ¨ n‡jI wek¦vqb †_‡K evB‡i Ae¯’vb KivI m¤¢e bq| ZvB Avgv‡`i †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e wek¦vqb †hb Avgv‡`i Rb¨ BwZevPK welq¸‡jv Avbqb K‡i Zvi e¨e¯’v Kiv| wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve †gvKv‡ejvq evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii DwPZ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv cybtMVb Ges `¶ I Kvh©Ki AvgjvZš¿ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ msµvš— wewfbœ Pzw³i m¤úbœ Kiv Ges wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ DbœZ KzU‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv|
wek¦vqb †h cwiKíbv wb‡q nvwRi n‡qwQj Zv‡Z `wi`ª Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki jvfevb nIqvi m¤¢vebv wQj †ewk hw`I G wek¦vqb †`k¸‡jv w`b w`b `wi`ª n‡q co‡Q| wKš‘ eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U wek¦vq‡bi G cÖwµqv‡Z _vwg‡q ivLv ev evav`vb Kiv m¤¢e bq| wek¦vqb‡K hZB Avgiv Ac`¯’ Kwi bv †Kb G e„nËg cÖwµqv †_‡K `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi †ei nIqv m¤¢e bq| Kv‡RB GLb hv DwPZ Zv n‡jv `wi`ª †`kmg~n‡K †f‡e wP‡š— myweav Amyweavi K_v gv_vq †i†L GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zviv G wek¦vqb cÖwµqv †_‡K jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk DbœZ abx cuywRev`x †`kmg~n‡K †kvl‡Yi gvbwmKZv cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wek¦vqb wek¦‡K gvivZ¥K wec‡` †dj‡e| wek¦‡K K‡i Zzj‡e emev‡mi A‡hvM¨| G weiƒc cwi‡ek †_‡K Kv‡iv †invB _vK‡e bv|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v
wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’v GKwU AvšZR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK msMVb| eûRvwZK evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vi ˆea I cÖvwZôvwbK wfwË n‡jv wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v| 1995 mv‡j 1 Rvbyqvwi wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’v bv‡gi GKwU ms¯’v AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| Gi m`i `ßi †m›Uvi DBwjqvg i¨vcc¨vW, †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ (Centre william reppard, Geneva, Switzerland) Awdwmqvj fvlv wZbwU (Bs‡iRx, djvmx, ¯ú¨vwbk) we‡k¦i evwYR¨ e¨e¯’v‡K myôy my›`i evavnxb I Dbœqbg~jK weKvk mvab Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ wek¦ evwY‡R¨i ms¯’v cÖwZôvKvjxb mgq †_‡K AvR ch©šZ Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Q|
cUf~wgt
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i G‡Kev‡i †kl ch©v‡q wgÎ kw³ we‡k¦ kvwš— cÖwZôvq GKwU wek¦ms¯’v MV‡bi cvkvcvwk GKwU bqv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v M‡o †ZvjviI D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQj| GB welqwU‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB 1944 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m hy³iv‡óªi wbDn¨vgkvqvi A½iv‡R¨i †eªUb DWm kn‡i GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡qwQj| Avš—R©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i BwZnv‡m IB m‡¤§jb Ô‡eªUb DWmÕ m‡¤§jb bv‡gB cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| GB m‡¤§j‡b wZbUv Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v: wek¦e¨vsK, AvB.Gg.Gd. Ges AvB.wU.I ¯’vc‡bi wm×vš— †bqv nq| cÖ_g `yBwU ms¯’v Kvh©Ki n‡jI gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡mi AbygwZ bv cvIqv‡Z AvB.wU.I. cwiKíbv ev¯—evwqZ nqwb| d‡j AvB.wU.I. Gi cwie‡Z© A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‡q kw³kvjx 23wU cuywRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K †`‡ki ivóªbvqK‡`i cÖ‡Póvi dmj wn‡m‡e 1948 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi wKDevi ivRavbx nvfvbv‡Z eûRvwZK evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vi HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQvi ga¨ w`‡q AvbyôvwbKfv‡e GATT Gi Kvh©µg ïi“ nq| GATT Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj wek¦e¨vcx weivRgvb evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ wKQy †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ges Gi cvkvcvwk m`m¨ †`k mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zvi mgvavb Kiv| g~jZ Bretton Woods conference- G wek¦e¨vsKmn GATT cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i ZrKvjxb kw³kvjx †`kmg~n GKwU wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi D‡`¨v‡M 22wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ Qq gvme¨vcx wbiwe”Qbœ Av‡jvPbvi ci 45,000 c‡Y¨i †¶‡Î ïé myweav cÖ`v‡bi weavb m¤^wjZ GATT Pzw³i Kvh©µg ïi“ nq| †Mvov‡Z Gi m`m¨ msL¨v 23 n‡jI me©‡kl Zv 127 G DcbxZ n‡qwQj|
wek¦e¨vcx evwYR¨ I wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î bZzb bZzb Kg©m~wP cÖYq‡b GATT e¨vcK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| g~jZ gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K MwZkxj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni ißvwb evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ GATT Gi Rb¥ nq| 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq GATT Gi First Round Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| Gici †_‡K GATT Gi †gvU 8wU ivDÛ Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| me©‡kl Round Av‡jvPbv P‡j 1986 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤^i †_‡K 1993 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©š—, hv GATT Gi Di“¸‡q ivDÛ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G D‡Ï‡k¨B 1994 mv‡ji 15 GwcÖj gi‡°vi ivRavbx gviv‡Kv‡k gš¿x ch©v‡qi GK m‡¤§j‡b GATT Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq Ges G Pzw³i DËimywi wn‡m‡e Rb¥ †bq WTO ev wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v|
M¨vU †_‡K wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v
1947 wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ 23wU †`k †R‡bfvq GK ˆeV‡K wgwjZ nq Ges Kv›Ugm U¨vwid n«vm Kivi e¨vcv‡i Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi wm×vš— †bq| 30 A‡±vei Zuviv ïé I evwYR¨ welqK mvaviY Pzw³‡Z (M¨vU) ¯^v¶i K‡i| cÖ_g ˆeV‡Ki dj n‡”Q 45 nvRvi c‡Y¨i Ici †_‡K U¨vwid n«vm, hv mgMÖ wek¦ evwY‡R¨i GK cÂgvsk| b‡f¤^i gv‡m 56wU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaiv wKDevi ivRavbx nvfvbvq wgwjZ nb| j¶¨ cÖ¯—vweZ Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ ms¯’vi mb` cÖYq‡bi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv ïi“ Kiv| 1948 mv‡ji gv‡P© GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| wKš‘ mswkó †`k¸‡jvi miKvimg~n Pzw³wU Aby‡gv`‡bi †Kvb Aw½Kvi bv Kivq Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ cwiPvjbvi GKwU nvwZqvi wn‡m‡eB †_‡K hvq M¨vU|
1948 1 Rvbyqvix M¨vU KvR ïi“ K‡i|
1949 d«v‡Ýi G‡bwm bMix‡Z M¨vUÑGi Z…Zxq `dv ˆeVK Ges 25 kZvsk U¨vwid n«v‡m g‰ZK¨|
1955-56 1956 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ Ges AvovBk †KvwU Wjvi U¨vwid n«vm HKgZ¨|
1960-62 hy³iv‡óªi ciivóª welqK Av¸iv †m‡µUvix M¨vU-Gi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³ WMjvm wWjvg-Gi m¤§v‡b Zvi bv‡g 5g M¨vU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ Ges wek¦ evwY‡R¨ U¨vwid n«v‡mi cwigvY 490 †KvwU Wjv‡i DbœxZ|
1964-67 ci‡jvKMZ gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Rb Gd. †K‡bwWi m¤§v‡b Zvi bv‡g AbywôZ nq Ô‡K‡bwW ivDÛÕ| wek¦ evwY‡R¨ 4 nvRvi †KvwU Wjvi U¨vwid n«v‡m HKgZ¨|
1973-79 Rvcv‡bi ivRavbx †UvwKI‡Z 7g ivDÛ ïi“| G‡Z G g‡g© HKgZ¨ nq †h, ïaygvÎ ïé n«vmB bq, fZ©ywK I Avg`vwb jvB‡m‡Ýi gZ evwYR¨ cÖwZebaK¸‡jvI Acmvib Ki‡Z n‡e| Gev‡ii ˆeV‡K ïé n«vm 30 nvRvi †KvwU Wjv‡i DbœxZ|
1986-93 M¨vU evwYR¨ gš¿xiv Diy¸y‡qi cy›Uv †Wj G‡÷-‡Z ïi“ K‡ib Z_vKw_Z Diy¸‡q ivDÛ| GUvB G hveZKv‡ji mePvB‡Z D”Pwfjvlx I m~`yicÖmvix evwYR¨ Av‡jvPbv|
1994 M¨vU evwYR¨ gš¿xiv gi‡°vi gviv‡Kk-G PzovÛ ch©v‡q wgwjZ nb Ges wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WweDwUi) cÖwZôv K‡ib| G mgq Zviv Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³‡ZI mB K‡ib|
1995 ‡R‡bfvq wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v m„wó| M¨vU I WweDwUIÕi g‡a¨ gyj ZdvrUv nj GB †h, M¨vU wQj GKUv mvgwqK AvBbx Pzw³gvÎ| c¶vš—‡i WweDwUI n‡”Q ¯’vqx Pzw³i wfwˇZ MwVZ GKwU ms¯’v| Gi Av‡Q wbR¯^ m`m¨| wKš‘ M¨vUÑGi wQj †Kej Pzw³i c¶mg~n| M¨vU †KejgvÎ cY¨ evwYR¨ wb‡qB Kvievi KiZ, wKš‘ ÔWweDwUiIÕi AvIZvq †mev Ges eyw×e„wËK cY¨ ch©š— we¯Z…Z|
GK bR‡i wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v:
cÖwZôv : 1 Rvbyqvix 1995
m`i `ßi : †m›Uvi DBwjqvg e¨vcc¨vc, †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ
m`m¨ : 159
gnvcwiPvjK : iev‡Z©v AvRv‡f‡`v
Kg©x : 640
I‡qemvBU : wto.org
KvVv‡gv:
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 159| wek¦ evwY‡R¨i 97 fv‡Mi †ewk evwYR¨ GB 159 wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ AbywôZ nq| †h †Kvb wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î mg¯— m`m¨ iv‡óªi HK¨g‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| m‡e©v”P ch©v‡qi wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi `vwqZ¡ gš¿x ch©v‡qi cwil‡`i Dci (Council of Minister) Gi c‡ii ¯—i General Council G¸‡jv QvovI i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ ev¯—evwqZ KwgwU, IqvwKs MÖ“c Ges IqvwKs cvwU©, ‡h¸‡jv wewfbœ Pzw³ Ges bvbvwea welqvejx wb‡q KvR K‡i| †hgb: cwi‡ek, Dbœqb, m`m¨c‡`i Av‡e`b Ges AvÂwjK ch©v‡q evwYR¨ Pzw³ mvab|
c‡Y¨i evwYR¨ msµvš— Pzw³ (Goods Council): GB cwil‡`i Aax‡b 11 wU KwgwU i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Avjv`v Avjv`v KvR i‡q‡Q| WTO Gi m`m¨ ivóªB Gme KwgwU‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| †U•UvBj gwbUwis ewW Ab¨ me KwgwU †_‡K Avjv`v hv WTO cY¨ cwil‡`i Aax‡b KvR K‡i| 10 Rb m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vb i‡q‡Q Ges †U•UvBj msµvš— wewfbœ MÖ“c i‡q‡Q|
eyw×wfwËK m¤úwËi AwaKvi msµvš— cwil` (Intellcetual property Rights): WTO ‡Z eyw×wfwËK m¤úwË msµvš— Z_¨, msev` Ges TRIPS Council Gi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci Awdwmqvj bw_ Ges evwYR¨ msµvš— m¤ú‡K©i we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi mv‡_ GB me msµvš— cwil`B Council for Trade RElated asreets of intellectual properts rights KvR K‡i|
‡mev evwYR¨ cwil` (Council for Trade in Services): †mev evwYR¨ cwil` mvaviY cwil‡`i wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx KvR K‡i _v‡K Ges General Agreement on Trade in Service Gi AvBb (GATS)|
evwYR¨ we‡iva wb¯úwË KwgwU: evwYR¨ we‡iva wb¯úwË KwgwU evwYR¨ msµvš— welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges Gi cÖavb nj wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v Gi Director General †mev cwil` Gi wZbwU kvLv i‡q‡Q|
1) Financial Service
2) Domestic regulations
3) Gats rules and specific commitments.
mvaviY cwil‡`i wb‡æv³ K‡qKwU KwgwU i‡q‡QÑ
1) evwYR¨ Ges cwi‡ek KwgwU|
2) evwYR¨ Ges Dbœqb KwgwU|
3) AvÂwjK evwYR¨ msµvš— Pzw³ KwgwU|
4) ev‡RU msµvš— KwgwU|
5) A_© Ges cÖkvmb KwgwU|
mvaviY cwil‡`i wb‡æv³ c¶ i‡q‡QÑ
1) cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Ask ev ms‡hvRb c¶|
wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Kv‡Ri MÖ“c i‡q‡Q|
evwYR¨ MÖ“c|
FY Ges A_© MÖ“c I evwYR¨ Ges cÖhyw³ n¯—vš—i MÖ“c|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi gnvcwiPvj‡Ki ZvwjKv:
bvg ‡`k ‡gqv`
wcUvi my`vij¨vÛ Avqvij¨vÛ 1 RyjvB 1993 - 1 †g 1995
‡i‡b‡Uv †ivRvwiI BZvwj 1 †g 1995 Ñ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 1999
gvBK gyi wbDwRj¨vÛ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 1999 Ñ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 2002
mycvPvB cvwbPcvKw` _vBj¨vÛ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 2002 Ñ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 2005
c¨vm‡Kj jvwg d«vÝ 1 †m‡Þ¤^i 2005 Ñ 31 gvP© 2013
iev‡Z©v AvRv‡f‡`v 31 gvP© 2013-eZ©gvb
‡hvM`vb I m`m¨c`:
WTO m`m¨ nevi cÖwµqv cÖwZwU m`‡m¨i Rb¨ Avjv`v| †hvM`v‡bi welq wbf©j K‡i †`kwUi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges PjwZ evwYR¨ bxwZi Dci| M‡o GB cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡Z cÖvq cuvP eQi mgq jv‡M| Z‡e A‡bK †¶‡Î Gi †P‡qI †ewk hw` h_vh_fv‡e cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv bv nq A_ev hw` ivR‰bwZK n¯—‡¶c _v‡K| WTO Gi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q Kg mg‡q m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i wKiwM¯’vb Ges me‡P‡q †ewk mgq jv‡M ivwkqvi 1993 mv‡j ivwkqv GATT Gi m`m¨ c‡`i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡jI 2011 mv‡j Zviv m`m¨ c‡`i Rb¨ meyR ms‡KZ cvq|
‡hvM`vb cÖwµqv:
‡Kvb †`k hw` WTO Gi m`m¨ n‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K GKwU `iLv¯Z Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| `iLv‡¯Z Aš—f©y³ welqmg~n n‡”QÑ
KvR I †mevi Lmov wi‡cvU©|
‰e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i Z_¨|
ch©‡e¶Y I KvR ïi“i Rb¨ mg‡SvZv cÎ|
eÜ cÖwµqv Ges weMZ wZb eQ‡i Ggb mg‡SvZv nqwb Ggb Awdwmqvj cÎ|
G mKj welq WTO mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| mg¯— cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖvwßi ci Kvh©wbe©vnxMY cÖv_x© †`‡ki Ges Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ †KŠkj I AvB‡bi g‡a¨ Mowg‡ji g‡a¨ †Rvi cÖ`vb K‡ib| AvB‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ c~b© nevi Rb¨ AvMÖnx †`k‡K mgq cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges †hvM`v‡bi †kl avc n‡PQ cÖv_©x †`k I Kvh©Kix †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wØ cvw¶K mg‡SvZv nq| wØ-cvw¶K mg‡SvZvi †k‡l mvaviY cwil` Zv gš¿x cwil` m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`v‡bi Lmov m`m¨ c` cÖ`vb K‡i|
m`m¨ Ges ch©‡e¶K:
WTO Gi m`m¨ 159 Rb ivóª Ges ch©‡e¶K msL¨v 26 Ges BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb Gi m`m¨| WTO Gi m`m¨ nevi Rb¨ †Kvb †`‡ki c~Y© mve©‡fŠgZ¡ bv _vK‡jI P‡j| Z‡e Zv‡K Aek¨B ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î c~Y© ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ n‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc nsKs GATT Gi ¯^v¶iKvix m`m¨ n‡jI Pxb 2002 mv‡j WTO †Z †hvM`vb K‡i|
WTO Gi j¶¨ I bxwZgvjv:
wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi j¶¨: wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’v n‡jv eûRvwZK evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vi ˆea I cÖvwZôvwbK wfwË| GB cÖwZôvb m`m¨ †`k mg~‡ni miKvi‡K Zv‡`I Af¨vš—ixY evwYR¨ AvBb I wewaweavb cÖYqb I ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv I Pzw³mg~‡ni g~j bxwZgvjv wba©viY K‡i †`q| GUv Ggb GKwU cvUdig †hLv‡b †hŠ_fv‡e hyw³ZK© Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g me©m¤§Z wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv nq| m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYR¨ m¤úK© ¯^vfvweKfv‡e weKvwkZ KivB n‡jv wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨|
wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi bxwZgvjv:
1) c¶cvZnxb evwYR¨|
2) mxwgZ AvKv‡ii msi¶Y ev U¨vwiK e¨e¯’v Pvjy|
3) m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ ch©v‡jvPbv c~e©K U¨vwi‡di nvi wba©viY|
4) Avg`vwbK…Z c‡Y¨ Ki I wewa msµvš— mgvb my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb|
5) mgZvi bxwZ‡Z we‡iva gxgvsmv|
evwY‡R¨i †gŠwjK bxwZ:
evwYR¨ bxwZi Rb¨ WTO we‡kl GKwU KvVv‡gv `uvo Kwi‡q‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ 1994 c~e© GATT I WTO †K eySvi Rb¨ 5wU g~jbxwZ we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ enb K‡i| †hgbÑ
1) ˆelg¨nxbZv;
2) cvi¯úvwiK †jb‡`b;
3) eva¨Zvg~jK I ev¯—evqbg~jK cÖwZkÖ“wZ;
4) ¯^”QZv
5) wbivcËv †KŠkj|
1) ˆelg¨nxbZv:
‡gŠwjK bxwZi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU n‡”Q ˆelg¨nxbZv| Gi `y‡Uv cÖavb Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q|
K) MFN bxwZ ev AZ¨vwaK RvwZ AbyK‚j bxwZ|
L) RvZxq e¨envi bxwZ/AvPviY bxwZ (NTP)
G`y‡UvB cY¨, †mev Ges gb¯—vwË¡K m¤úwË msµvš— WTO Gi cÖavb wewa¸‡jvi Aš—f©~³| wKš‘ G¸‡jvi cwiwa Ges cÖK…wZ cÖwZ †¶‡ÎB G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v|
MFN wewa Abyhvqx WTO Gi GKwU m`m¨ ivóª Ab¨ m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi mv‡_ evwYwR¨K m¤ú‡K©i GKB kZ© cvjb K‡i †hgb: WTO Gi GKwU m`m¨ ivóª‡K Ggb me AbyKzj kZ© gÄyi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GwU Ab¨ me WTO m`m¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ †Kvb we‡kl c‡Y¨i Dci e¨emvÑevwY‡R¨i AbygwZ †`q|
NPT bxwZ ej‡Z Ggb bxwZ eySvq hv‡Z wbR †`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨‡K Avg`vbxK…Z c‡Y¨i Dci AMÖvwaKvi bv †`Iqv nq|
2) cvi¯úvwiK †jb‡`b:
cvi¯úvwiK †jb‡`b `ywU we‡kl D‡Ïk¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
K) MFN wewa †_‡K D™¢yZ “Free-riding” ev ÒkZ©gy³Ó bxwZi cwiwa‡K mxgve× Kivi B”Qv|
L) we‡`kx evRvi¸‡jv‡Z c‡Y¨i cÖ‡ek‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi B”Qv|
3) eva¨Zvg~jK I ev¯—evqbg~jK cÖwZkÖ“wZ:
GKwU eûRvwZK evwYwR¨K Pzw³‡Z WTO m`m¨ ivóª mg~n KZ©„K cÖYxZ c‡Y¨i Avg`vbx ißvbx ïé cÖwZkÖ“wZ Ges c‡Y¨i cÖ‡ekMvwgZv Qv‡oi ZvwjKv Scheduel of concesions. G ewY©Z _v‡K| Avi GB me ZvwjKv/ Zdwmj eva¨evaKZvi mxgv/ ceiling bindings wb‡`©k K‡i|
GKwU †`k evwYwR¨K Askx`v‡ii (Partner) mv‡_ Pzw³ Kivi ciB †Kej Gi kZ© ev eva¨evaKZv¸‡jv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| hvi A_© n‡jv evwYwR¨K ¶wZi Kvi‡Y Askx`vi‡`i ¶wZc~iY †`Iqv| G‡¶‡Î hw` †Kvb c¶ mš‘ó bv nq Zvn‡j Awf‡hvMKvix ivóª WTO Ø›Ø wbimbKvix c×wZi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
WTO m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi wb‡æv³ D‡Ïk¨ cyiYK‡í Zv‡`i evwYwR¨K wewa cÖKvk Kiv `iKvi| †hgb: evwYR¨‡K cÖfveKvix cÖkvmwbK wm×v‡š—i cyY©we‡ePbvi AbygwZ `vbKvix cÖwZôvb mg~n‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv|
Ab¨ m`m¨ ivóª‡`i Z_¨ †P‡q Aby‡iv‡ai Reve †`Iqv| evwYR¨ bxwZ‡K †Kvb cwieZ©b wb‡q Avm‡j Zv WTO †K AewnZ Kiv|
TPRM ev evwYR¨ bxwZ ch©‡e¶Y c×wZi gva¨‡g †`‡ki wewfbœ mvgwqK wi‡cvU© Øviv GBme Avf¨š—ixY ¯^”QZvi Dcv`vb m¤ú~iK I myweav‡fvMx Kiv|
5) wbivcËv †KŠkj:
‡Kvb we‡kl †¶‡Î miKvi evwbR¨‡K eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡¶‡Î wZb ai‡bi weavb i‡q‡Q|
K) AÑA_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ evwbwR¨K c`‡¶‡ci e¨env‡ii D‡Ïk¨ cÖYxZ wbeÜ (Article) Aby‡”Q`|
L) my¯’ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wbwðZKi‡Y cÖYxZ Aby‡”Q` wbe×|
M) A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evwYwR¨K cÖwZeÜKZv msµvš— wewagvjv|
MFN bxwZi e¨wZµgmg~n I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi AMÖvwaKvig~jK AvPiY‡K Aby‡gv`b †`q, AvÂwjK evwYR¨ gy³ GjvKv I ïé GjvKv mgy‡ni AvPviÑAvPiY‡KI cÖvavb¨ †`q|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Kvh©vejx:
WTO Gi cÖavb Kvh©vejx mg~n n‡”QÑ
1. Di“¸‡q ivD‡Ûi Pzw³mg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM I ev¯—evqb Kiv|
2. evwYR¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`b, cwiPvjbv Kiv|
3. eûcvw¶K evwYR¨ Av‡jvPbvi GKwU †dvivg wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv|
4. evwYR¨ msµvš— we‡iva wb¯úwË Kiv|
5. KvwiMwi mn‡hvvwMZv Ges cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni evwYR¨ bxwZ msµvš— welqvejx‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
6. Ab¨vb¨ Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v Pzw³ (WTO Agreement) †K GKwU ¶z`ªvK…wZi mb` ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GUv wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i evwYR¨ Av‡jvPbvmg~‡ni d‡j D™¢yZ wewfbœ evwYR¨ Pzw³‡K `~ixf~³ K‡i| GUv bv‡g bZzb msMVb n‡jI GATT †hfv‡e Kvh©cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zv †mfv‡eB Kvh©wbe©v‡ni e¨e¯’v †i‡L‡Q| Gi †Kvb aviv ms‡kvab, †Kvb †`k‡K evwYR¨ msµvš— Qvo †`qv A_ev gIKzd Kiv, msMVbwUi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î †h wm×vš—mg~n cvjb Kiv mK‡ji Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK †m¸‡jv HK¨g‡Zi wfwˇZ MÖnY Kiv nq|
m`m¨ c` cÖZ¨vnvi:
‡Kvb m`m¨ †`k B”Qv Ki‡j 6 gv‡mi †bvwUk w`‡q †h ms¯’vwU †_‡K m`m¨c` cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ev¯—e‡¶‡Î †m GUv Ki‡Z D‡`¨vM †b‡e bv, KviY Gi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ †`‡ki wbKU †_‡K wewbg‡q cÖ‡`q Kg ïé I Ab¨vb¨ myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡j †mB †`k‡K A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î `y`©kv †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
we‡iva wb¯úwË:
‡Kvb †`k hw` Ab¨ GKwU †`‡ki wei“‡× evwYwR¨K wbqgKvbyb f½ Kivi Awf‡hvM Av‡b, Z‡e ms¯’vwUi Aax‡b 3 Rb wePvi‡Ki GKwU c¨v‡bj †h Awf‡hvM kªeY K‡i| hw` c¨v‡bj †`L‡Z cvq †h Awfhy³ †`kwU Avm‡jB AvBb f½ K‡i‡Q Z‡e ms¯’vwU Zvi wei“‡× A_©‰bwZK Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms¯’vwU‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ †`‡ki GKwU K‡i †fvU Av‡Q Ges Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Ki‡Z `iKvi nq †gvU †fv‡U 2/3 Ask msL¨vMwi‡ói †fvU|
2004 mv‡ji 1jv A‡±vei ch©š— 315wU we‡iv‡ai NUbvi gvÎ GK Z…Zxqvsk NUbv c~b©v½ WTO c¨v‡bj cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| GQvov evwK meKwU gvgjvi mgvavb nq AvDU Ad †KvU© Gi gva¨‡g, civgk© Z_v cvi¯úvwiK mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ WTO Gi we‡iva wb¯úwË Kvh©µg Gi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Q DBS c¨v‡bj, AwcjKvix, WTO mwPe, ga¨¯’ZvKvix ¯^vaxb we‡klÁ, we‡kl cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`|
wm×vš— MÖnY:
WTO wb‡R‡`i eY©bv K‡i m`m¨ †`k Øviv cwiPvwjZ AvBb wfwËK ms¯’v wn‡m‡e| GLv‡b mKj wm×vš— m`m¨ ivóª KZ…„K M„nxZ nq Ges GB AvBb¸‡jv m`m¨ iv‡óªi cvi¯úvwiK mg‡SvZvi ewn:cÖKvk| WTO hLb †Kvb g‰Z‡K¨ †cuŠQv‡Z e¨_© nq ZLb †fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb K‡i, wKš‘ mg‡SvZvi †Póv, wm×vš— MÖn‡Y me mgq cÖvavb¨ cvq|
ZvQvovI RvZxq evwYR¨ bxwZ cÖPvi Ges ch©‡e¶Y Kiv wek¦e¨vcx A_©‰bwZK bxwZ cÖ¯‘yZ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q evwYR¨ bxwZ‡Z ¯^”QZv cÖwZôv Kiv| GQvovI ¯^‡ívbœZ I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡K mnvqZv †`Iqv|
A_©‰bwZK M‡elYv I we‡kl‡Yi Ab¨Zg GKwU †K›`ª n‡jv WTO| †Kvb we‡kl wel‡q cÖKvwkZ evwl©K M‡elbv wi‡cvU© I cÖKvkbvq ˆewk¦K evwYwR¨K wPÎ m¤ú‡K© wbqwgZ gyj¨vqb Kiv|
m‡e©vcwi WTO Ggb GKwU ms¯_v hv World Bank, IMF I Bretton Woods systms †K Mfxi fv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Pzw³mg~n:
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v Kgc‡¶ 60wU wewfbœ Pzw³i ZË¡veavb K‡i †h¸‡jvi Avš—R©vwZK MÖ‡š’i gh©v`v i‡q‡Q| m`m¨ †`kmg~n‡K Aek¨B wek¦ evwYR¨ Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i I Aby‡gv`b MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| 1995 mv‡ji ïi“i w`‡K wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v cÖwZôvq ÔK…wl Pzw³Õ cÖfve †d‡jwQj| K…wl Pzw³ wZbwU †K›`ªxq aviYvi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| h_vÑ †`kxq †hvMvb, evRvi cÖ‡ek Ges ißvwb n«vm| e¨emv †mevmg~‡ni mvaviY Pzw³, †mev Lv‡Z eûgvwÎK e¨emv c×wZ cÖmvwiZ K‡iwQj| Avg`vwb ißvwb ïé evwY‡R¨ Ges mvaviY Pzw³ cY¨`ªe¨ †ePv‡Kbv Kivi †¶‡Î GKB c×wZ Pvj~ K‡i‡Q| 1995 mv‡j Pzw³wU ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| e¨emvq m¤úwK©Z Pzw³wU MwVZ n‡q‡Q wbægv‡bi eyw×e„wËK m¤úwË wbqš¿Y KvVv‡gv †_‡K| 1994 mv‡j Di“¸‡q ivD‡›W Avg`vwb ißvwb ïé I mvaviY evwYR¨ Pzw³ m¤ú‡K© HK¨g‡Z Avmvi Rb¨ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj| Di“¸‡q ivD‡Ûi mgq Avg`vwb ißvwb Ges mvaviY evwYR¨ Pzw³‡Z RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©i¶v I Phytosanitary measures welq Pzw³ m¤ú‡K© Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj| mvaviY evwYR¨ Pzw³ I Avg`vwb ißvwb ïé Pzw³ 1995 mv‡j wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| HK¨g‡Z Avmvi Rb¨ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj SPS Pzw³‡Z| SPS Pzw³i Aax‡b, wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v bxwZ cÖYqb m¤úwK©Z m`m¨ `j MVb K‡i| hviv RwoZ wQj Lv`¨ wbivcËv, e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ `~lY, KxUbvkK AbymÜvb Ges †gvo cÖ`v‡bi Kv‡R| GQvovI cÖvYx Ges MvQcvjv‡K †ivM evjvB †_‡K i¶v Kiv| wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Avš—R©vwZK Pzw³ n‡jv e¨emv‡Z cÖhyw³MZ evavi Dci Pzw³| GUv Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡qwQj Di“¸‡q ivD‡Ûi mvaviY evwYR¨ Pzw³ Ges Avg`vwb ißvwb ï‡éi wfwˇZ Ges 1994 mv‡j GUv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj| cÖhyw³MZ Ges gvbm¤§Z Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ K‡iwQj †h, e¨emvi †hb AcÖKvwkZ wKQy evavi m„wó bv nq, hv cÖksmvi †hvM¨ wQj| wewfbœ ivóª ev †`‡ki g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e GATT Gi Articel VII Gi ev¯—evqb Kiv n‡qwQj hv Pzw³i eY©bvg~jK c×wZ m`m¨ iv󪸇jv AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| cÖavbZ GUv‡K Transaction Value G¨v‡cÖvP wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
mwPejvq I ev‡RU:
mwPevjq: WTO Gi mwPevjq †R‡bfvq Aew¯’Z Ges Gi cÖavb GKRb gnvcwiPvjK _v‡Kb| GQvov i‡q‡Q AviI PviRb DcgnvcwiPvjK| G mwPevjq Kg©xi msL¨v cÖvq 640 Rb| Gi †Kv‡bv kvLv Awdm †bB| †h‡nZz m`m¨‡`i me©m¤§wZ‡Z wm×vš— M„nxZ nq, †m‡nZz mwPevj‡qi wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv ¶gZv †bB| mwPevj‡qi g~j `vwqZ¡ n‡PQ wewQbœ cwil`, KwgwU Ges gæÎx ch©v‡qi m‡¤§j‡b KwiMwi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`| GQvov Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K we‡kl K‡i Kg DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡K †UKwbK¨vj mg_©b cÖ`vb Kiv| hv WweDwUi mwePvj‡qi GKwU we‡kl `vwqZ¡| ms¯’vi A_©bxwZwe` Ges cwimsL¨vbwe`iv evwYR¨ †¶‡Î wewfbœ †`‡ki AMÖMwZ Ges evwYR¨ bxwZi we‡klY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| WwewUI-i AvBb welqK Kg©KZ©viv evwYR¨ wb¯úwËi †¶‡Î ms¯’vi wbqgvejxi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| bZzb †hme †`k m`m¨ n‡Z AvMÖnx Zv‡`i‡K mwPevjq mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
ev‡RU: WweDwUi-i evwl©K ev‡RU n‡”Q cÖvq 8 †KvwU 30 jvL Wjvi| m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z †gvU evwY‡R¨i wfwˇZ cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`‡ki Puv`v wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB ev‡R‡Ui Askwe‡kl Avš—R©vwZK evwYR¨ †K›`ª I †c‡q _v‡K|
M¨vU D‡`¨v³v‡`i g‡Z GB Pzw³i gva¨‡g eQ‡i wek¦ 20 nvRvi †KvwU Wjv‡iii bZzb m¤ú` m„wó n‡e| evwYR¨ evo‡e 70 nvRvi †KvwU Wjv‡ii| WTO wek¦e¨vcx Gi m`m¨ ivóª ¸‡jvi Rb¨ miKvi ïé gy³ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ KvR K‡i|
ïaygvÎ wkívwqZ †`‡k bq, wek¦e¨vcx evRvi cÖ‡e‡ki ewa©Z myweavi d‡j Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi ißvwbi m¤¢vebv Av‡iv e„w× cv‡”Q| ejv n‡”Q Rvcvb I †Kvwiqvi Pv‡c evRvi Db¥y³ nevi d‡j _vBj¨vÛ jvfevb n‡e| BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb I hy³iv‡óªi avb I fyÆvi Rb¨ n«vmK…Z fZz©wKi d‡j Av‡R©w›Ubvmn Ab¨vb¨ †`k AwaK cwigvY `vbv`vi km¨ ißvwb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K eyw× wfwËK m¤ú‡`i e¨vcv‡i ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡K GMv‡iv eQi mgq †`qv n‡q‡Q|
gš¿x ch©v‡qi m‡¤§jb:
WTO Gi m‡e©v”P ch©v‡qi wm×vš—MÖ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ gš¿x ch©v‡qi m‡¤§j‡bi Dci b¨¯—| GB m‡¤§jb mPviPi `yB eQi ci ci AbywôZ nq| WTO mKj m`m¨‡`i Dcw¯’Z µ‡g ˆeVK AbywôZ nq| eûcvw¶K evwYR¨Pzw³i wfwˇZ GB ms¯’v †h‡Kvb cÖKvi wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| WTO cÖ_g m‡¤§jb 128wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 1996 mv‡j wm½vcy‡i AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§jb evwYR¨ D`vixKiY, miKvix Kv‡R ¯^”QZv Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖmvi I wewb‡qvM cÖwZ‡hvwMZv e„w× BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| WTO Gi wØZxq m‡¤§jb 135 wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 18-20 †g 1998 †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨v‡Û AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b gy³evwY‡R¨ weKv‡k mgwš^Z D‡`¨vM, bbU¨vwiK weax I †KvUvi e¨e¯’vi AcmviY BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| WTO Gi Z…Zxq m‡¤§jb 135wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 30 b‡f¤^i 3 wW‡m¤^i 1991 mv‡j wmivUj hy³iv‡óªi AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b †Kvb iKg †Nvlbv QvovB mgvß nq| WTO Gi PZz_© m‡¤§jb 144 †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 13 b‡f¤^i, 2001 mv‡j AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b evwYR¨ D`vixKiY, †`vnv Dbœqb ivDÛ Pvjy, Jla wk‡íi c¨v‡U›U AvB‡bi wkw_jZv BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| WTO Gi cÂg m‡¤§j‡b 146wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi ga¨‡g 10-15 †m‡Þ¤^i 2003, KvbKzb †gw•‡Kv‡Z AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§jbI †Kvb iKg wm×vš— QvovB mgvß nq| WTO Gi lô m‡¤§j‡b 148wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 13-18 wW‡m¤^i, 2005 AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b 32wU ¯^‡íbœZ ‡`k‡K 2008 m‡ji g‡a¨ ïé gy³ myweav cÖ`v‡b ejv nq|
WTO Gi mßg m‡¤§jb 153wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 30 b‡f¤^-2wW‡m¤^i 2009 mv‡j †R‡bfv myBRvij¨v‡Û AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§jb 2010 m‡ji g‡a¨ †`vnv ivD‡Ûi †Nvlbv Kvh©Ki Kiv, †mevmË¡ AvBb I B‡jKUªwb• evwYR¨ ïé Av‡ivc 2011 mvj ch©š— ¯’vcb Kiv nq| WTO Gi Aóg m‡¤§j‡b 155 wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g 15 †_‡K 17 wW‡m¤^i 2011 mvj †R‡bfv myBRvijv‡Û AbywôZ nq|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v 8wU m‡¤§jb
m‡¤§jb ¯’vb mgqKvj AskMÖnYKvix †`k wm×vš—
cÖ_g wm½vcyi wmwU, wm½vcyi 9-13 wW‡m¤^i, 1996 128 evwYR¨ D`vixKiY, miKvix Kv‡R ¯^”QZv, Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖmvi I wewb‡qvM, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv e„w×|
wØZxq ‡R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ 18-20†g, 1988 135 gy³ evwYR¨ weKv‡k mgwš^Z D‡`¨vM, bb U¨vwiK evav I †KvUv e¨e¯’vi AcmviY|
Z…Zxq wmqvUj, hy³ivóª 30 b‡f:Ñ3wW‡m: 1991 135 †Kvb iKg †NvlYv QvovB mgvß nq|
PZz_© ‡`vnv, KvZvi 9-13 b‡f¤^i, 2001 144 evwYR¨ D`vixKiY, †`vnv Dbœqb ivDÛ Pvjy, Jla wk‡íi c¨v‡U›U AvB‡bi wkw_jZv|
cÂg KvbKzb, †gw•‡Kv 10-14 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2003 146 †Kvb iKg wm×vš— QvovB mgvß nq|
lô nsKs wmwU, nsKs 13-18 wW‡m¤^i, 2005 148 32wU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡k 2008 mv‡ji g‡a¨ ïégy³ myweav cÖ`vb|
mßg ‡R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ 30 b‡f¤^i Ñ 2wW‡m¤^i 2009 153 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`vnv ivD‡Ûi †NvlYv Kvh©Ki Kiv, †gav¯^Z¡ AvBb I B‡jKUªwbK evwY‡R¨ ïé Av‡ivc 2011 mb ch©š— ¯’wMZ Kiv|
Aóg ‡R‡bfv, myBRvij¨vÛ 15-17 wW‡m¤^i, 2011 155 ivwkqv, gw›Uwb‡MÖv
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v I DbœZ †`kmg~n:
DbœZ wek¦ I wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v †h GKwU wbw`©ó cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q Zv WTO Gi Kvh©µg †`L‡j mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| wmiqvUj, KvbyKb I nsKs m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g WTO Gi f~wgKv wb‡q cÖkœ D‡V‡Q| Dbœqbkxj Ges AbybœZ we‡k¦i Kv‡Q GLb GK_v A‡bKUv ¯úó n‡q †M‡Q †h WTO †K DbœZ wek¦ wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© e¨envi Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| wb‡P G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1. Di“¸‡q ivDÛ Pzw³: GwU 1994 mv‡j gi‡°vi gvivKv‡k ¯^v¶wiZ nq| GB Pzw³i gva¨‡g wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi DbœZ wek¦ gyLx Kvh©µg ¯úó n‡q D‡V| †h NUbv¸‡jv DbœZ wek¦gyLx Kvh©µg ¯úó n‡q D‡V Zv nj:
K) wkíRvZ cY¨ ißvbxi †¶‡Î fZy©wK wb‡la: Pzw³ ¯^v¶‡ii 8 eQi ci †_‡K (¯^ívbœZ †`‡ki †¶‡Î) wkíRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi fZy©wK w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j Z…Zxq we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e, kw³kvjx n‡e DbœZ we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ|
L) K…wl‡Z fZz©wK wb‡lavÁv: Di“¸‡q ivDÛ Pzw³i d‡j K…wl‡Z fZ©ywK †`qv hv‡e bv| Gi d‡j Dbœqkxj †`kmg~n Lv`¨`ª‡ei g‡Zv †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi †¶‡ÎI DbœZ we‡k¦i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q co‡e|
M) †mev m¤úwK©Z evwYR¨ Pzw³: cwi‡mevg~jK †¶‡Î kZ© Ry‡o †`qv nq †h, e¨vsK, exgvmn, †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb, wk¶v, cwienb, ¯^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw` †¶Î¸wj‡Z ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Dci miKvwi wbqš¿Y _vK‡e bv| d‡j G‡¶‡Î DbœZ we‡k¦i wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Kv‡Q ¯’vbxq wewb‡qvM gvi Lv‡e|
N) evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z †gavmË¡ : GB Pzw³i d‡j KwcivBU, †UªWgvK© I c¨v‡U›U gvwjKvbv‡Z bZzb wewa wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K †gvUv As‡Ki wewbg‡q eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †_‡K DbœZ cÖhyw³ wKb‡Z n‡e|
O) evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z wewb‡qvM e¨e¯’v: G Pzw³i d‡j we‡`kx †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv †`kxq †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi g‡Zv Aev‡a Avg`vwb ißvwb Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| d‡j DbœZ wek¦ Aeva evwbR¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2) wm½vcyi m‡¤§jb:
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi 13 eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m †gvU 6wU gš¿x ch©v‡qi m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| 1996 mv‡ji 9-13 wW‡m¤^i wm½vcy‡i AbywôZ nq 2q gš¿x ch©v‡qi m‡¤§jb| wm½vcyi †NvlYv ‡_‡K ïi“ nq abx †`k¸‡jvi Avš—R©vwZK KzU‡KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi bvbv Kvh©Kjvc| cÖ_g ˆeVK wn‡m‡e Dbœqbkxj I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z bvbvfv‡e eywS‡q DbœZ abx †`k¸‡jv Av`vq K‡i †bq ewYR¨ D`vixKiY, eûcvw¶K evwYR¨ Aeva evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ msi¶YbxwZi ms‡KvPb, K…wlLv‡Z fZy©wK cÖZ¨vnvi, miKvwi µ‡q ¯^”QZv bvgK Avw_©K kZ©v‡ivc BZ¨vw`|
3) wmqvUj m‡¤§jb:
GB m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1999 mv‡ji 30 b‡f¤^i †_‡K 3 wW‡m¤^i IqvwksU‡bi wmqvU‡j| wewfbœ IqvwKs MÖ“c †h mg¯— Lmov †Nvlbv cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQj Zv‡Z m¤§wZ †g‡jwb|
4) †`vnv m‡¤§jb:
2001 mv‡ji 9-13 b‡f¤^i †`vnvq GB m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| †`vnv †NvlYvi 52wU Aby‡”Q‡`i cÖvq cÖwZwU‡ZB ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY I Avš—R©vwZK ewY‡R¨ mgZvi K_v wee„Z nq| †`vnv †Nvlbvi abxq †`k¸‡jv KzU‰bwZK PvZz‡h©i Avkªq wb‡q †W‡fjc‡g›U G‡RÛv Abyhvqx 2005 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwii g‡a¨ evwYR¨ D`vixKiY wbf©i bZzb wek¦ e¨e¯’vi K_v e‡j IB †NvlYvq wm½vcyi Bmy¨‡K XywK‡q †`q| †`vnv †NvlYvi 44 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GmwWwU Dbœqbkxj I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ †¶‡Î ch©vß mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g kw³kvjx Ki‡e| Zvic‡iI ejv AmsMZ n‡e bv †h, †`vnv †NvlYvi c‡iI †Nvlbvi wekvj As‡ki mydj †_‡K Mixe †`k¸‡jv ewÂZB †_‡K †M‡Q|
5) KvbKzb m‡¤§jb:
2003 mv‡ji 10-14 †m‡Þ¤^i †gw•‡Kvi KvbKz‡b AbywôZ nq WTO Gi NUbveûj m‡¤§jb| Gi m‡¤§jb e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e we‡klKMY g‡b K‡ib †h, abx †`k¸‡jv †Kvb Qvo bv w`‡q GKZidv Zv‡`iB evwYwR¨K ¯^v_©wmw×i Pvc Ab¨vqfv‡e ¯^‡ívbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Dci h_vixwZ Pvwc‡q w`‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi m‡PZb I wb‡R‡`i Mwigvq `„pwPË †`k¸‡jv Zv gv‡bwb| GQvov K…wlLvZ‡K wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v †_‡K †ei Kivi `vwe wQj mviv we‡k¦i K…lK‡`i wKš‘ Zv bv nIqvi KviY mfv¯’‡ji Kv‡Q `w¶b †Kvwiqvb A¨vWf¨vÝW di g¨vm †dWv‡ik‡bi mfvcwZ Kz nvq wj AvZ¥ûwZ †`b|
6) nsKs m‡¤§jb:
2005 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m nsKs G AbywôZ nq wek¦ evwbR¨ ms¯’vi 6ô m‡¤§jb| G m‡¤§j‡biI DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv K…wl fZz©wK cwi‡ek `ylY I wm½vcyi Bmy¨‡Z Zv‡`i wm×vš— AbybœZ we‡k¦i Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvq| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv HK¨e×fv‡e mivmwi DbœZ we‡k¦i wec¶ Ae¯’vb †bq|
7) †R‡bfv m‡¤§jb:
30 b‡f¤^i 2 wW‡m¤^i myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfvq AbywôZ nq 7g m‡¤§jb| 2010 m‡bi g‡a¨ †`vnv ivD‡Ûi †Nvlbv Kvh©Ki Kiv GK †gav¯^Ë¡ AvBb I B-evwYR¨ wel‡q DbœZ we‡k¦i mv‡_ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi gZ cv_©K¨ m‡¤§jb‡K ¤øvb K‡i †`q|
8) ïéRwbZ evav:
WTO Gi D`vi evwYR¨ bxwZi d‡j wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K wkíRvZ `ª‡e¨i Dci ïé kZKiv 15 kZvsk Gi wb‡P ivL‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q| d‡j Zv‡`i cÖYqbK…Z bxwZi d‡j abx AviI abx n‡PQ `wi`ª AviI `wi`ª n‡PQ|
9) DbœZ †`‡ki gZvgZ cÖvavb¨:
WTO ‡Z hy³ivóª KvbvWv, Rvcvb, BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi gZvg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GmKj DbœZ iv‡óªi Kw_Z MÖxYi“g cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| Aciw`‡K msL¨vMwiô Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi gZvgZ nq D‡cw¶Z|
10) kª‡gi Aeva cÖev‡n Abxnv:
WTO wek¦e¨vcx c‡Y¨i Aeva cÖev‡ni Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡jI kªwg‡Ki Aeva cÖev‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb wm×vš— MÖnY K‡iwb| GgbwK `wi`ª †`‡ki myjf kªwgK‡`i wk‡ívbœZ †`‡k hvIqvi K_v D”PviY Ki‡Q bv|
11) AvwacZ¨:
civkw³myjf `‡¤¢ gvwK©b hy³ivóª wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vq AvwacZ¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖvq Aa©hyM G ms¯’vwU‡Z Px‡bi Aš—f©y³i e¨vcvi wb‡q nxb ivR‰bwZK †Ljvq †g‡Z wQj Ges Gici Zv‡`i Ab~iyc AvPib AvPib cwijwÿZ nq Aci civkw³ ivwkqvi e¨vcv‡iI|
DbœZ we‡k¦ wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v‡K GKwU gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Q|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n:
¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n (Least Developed Countries) n‡”Q eZ©gvb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q `ye©jZg Ask| fqven `vwi`ª `yej A_©bxwZ, AbybœZ cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v Ges gvbem¤ú‡`i A`ÿZv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki mvaviY wPÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| 1971 mv‡j wek¦ hLb cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki aviYv ¯^xKvi K‡i, ZLb Gi msL¨v wQj gvÎ 24, hv GLb 49ÑG DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni cÖvwš—KxKi‡bi cÖwµqv µgvMZ Ae¨vnZ n‡q‡Q| 80ÑGi `k‡K †MvUv we‡k¦i GDP-i 0.6 kZvsk wQj ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni, hv 90ÑGi `k‡K 0.4 kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ DcbxZ n‡q‡Q|
49wU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GATT Gi Urugua Round Agreement Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡i‡Q| d‡j Zviv Pzw³ Abyhvqx D`vixKi‡Yi cÖwZkÖ“wZmg~n ev¯—evqb Ki‡Q| G‡¶‡Î ¯^‡ívbœZ ‡`kmg~‡ni DcKvi jv‡fi my‡hvM myweav LyeB mxwgZ| WTO cieZ©x wek¦ cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KivI ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki Rb¨ LyeB KwVb n‡q co‡Q|
WTO Pzw³mg~‡ni cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z Aek¨ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kg~‡ni Rb¨ we‡kl myweav ivLv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl myweavmg~n n‡jv:
1. Pzw³ ev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î `xN© mg‡qi myweav cÖ`vb (Longer time periods for implementing agreements)|
2. Gme †`‡ki evwYwR¨K my‡hvM myweav e„w×i j‡¶¨ c`‡¶c MÖnY|
3. Gme †`‡ki WTO msµvš— Kvh©vejx ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv ‰Zwi‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
4. KwZcq eva¨evaKZv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ `vb cÖf„wZ|
1997 mv‡j Trade Initiatives and technical assistance for least developed countries msµvš— GKwU D”P ch©v‡qi mfv AbywôZ nq| D³ mfvq ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni evwYwR¨K ¶gZv e„w× K‡í GKwU mgwš^Z KvVv‡gv (Integrated framework) ˆZwi Kiv nq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ 6wU Avš—:miKvi ms¯’v‡K (Intergovemmental Agencies) †K Aš—f©~³ Kiv nq|
¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n msµvš— mveKwgwUi mnvqZvq Trade and Development msµvš— KwgwU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvRbmg~n Z`viK K‡i _v‡K| G KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ n‡PQ Pzw³mg~n ev¯Zevqb †KŠkjMZ mn‡hvwMZv Ges wek¦ evwYR¨ e¨e¯’vq ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni AwaK gvÎvq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
¯^‡ívbœZ †`k mg~‡ni mgm¨v:
1. we‡`kx evRv‡i cÖ‡ek msµvš— mgm¨v: ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgvMÖxi Drcv`b e¨q Zzjbvg~jK †ewk nIqvq we‡`kx evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i wU‡K _vKv Gme †`‡ki Rb¨ †ek KwVb| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb we‡`kx evRv‡i ïégy³ I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi| KwZcq †`k Aek¨ BwZg‡a¨ LDCs †K ïégy³ I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi w`‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| Avevi KwZcq †`k we‡kl we‡kl †`kmg~n‡K ïé I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi w`‡jI mevi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e w`‡”Q bv|
2. mieivn msµvšZ mgm¨v: GATT-Gi Urugua Round Agreement-Gi gva¨‡g ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Rb¨ evwYR¨ myweav m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †h m¤¢vebv wQj, mieivn msµvšZ mgm¨v Zv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c bó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| g~jZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZv, cÖvwZôvwbK Ae¨e¯’vcbv Ges `¶ gvbem¤ú‡`i Afv‡e ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n me m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Q bv| evwbR¨bxwZ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡ÎI ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni bvbvwea mgm¨v Av‡Q| evwbR¨bxwZ cÖYq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Afve i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov WTO AvBb m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYvi Afv‡e ev¯Zevqb cÖwµqvi LyeB kø_MwZ weivRgvb| GUv ißvwbi †¶‡Î weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| `ªe¨mvgMÖxi gvb wbqš¿‡Yi †¶‡Î bvbvwea mgm¨v i‡q‡Q|
3. WTO Pzw³mg~n ev¯Zevqb msµvšZmgm¨v: ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n WTO Pzw³mg~n ev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î GKUv eo ai‡bi P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property) Gi K_v D‡jL Kiv hvq| ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n‡K 11 eQi mgq †`qv n‡q‡Q Pzw³ ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨| evn¨Z GUv †ek mnR kZ© g‡b n‡jI ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Rb¨ GUv GKUv eo ai‡Yi P¨v‡jÄ| ZvQvov WTO Gi Aaxb ¯^v¶wiZ Pzw³mg~n A‡bK †¶‡Î †ek RwUj, hvi gg©v_© D×vi K‡i ev¯—evqb cÖwµqv ïi“ Kiv †ek KwVb KvR|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v I evsjv‡`k:
1995 mvj cÖwZôvKvjxb mgq †_‡KB evsjv‡`k wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨| Gici †_‡K evsjv‡`k cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡R mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k GKwU GjwWwm f~³ †`k nIqvq, GjwWwm f~³ †`kmg~‡ni mKj my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡i| evsjv‡`k wek¦ evwYR¨i 0.01% Askx`vi| evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k nIqvq DbœZ †`kI wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi bxwZi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î bvbv fv‡e wbh©vwZZ I wbcxwoZ n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡k Dci wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v bvbvfv‡e cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Dci wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi BwZevPK cÖfv‡ei †P‡q †bwZevPK cÖfveB †ewk| G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1. ¯’vbxq wkí ûgwKi m¤§yLxb: wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx evwYR¨ Db¥y³KiY jvf K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Af¨š—ixY cyuywRi ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q| evwYR¨ Db¥y³ nIqvq DbœZ we‡k¦i cuywR Aev‡a evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| we‡`kx wekvj cuywRi mv‡_ †`‡ki ¶z`ª gvSvix wkí KviLvbv ¸‡jv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
2. K…wl‡Z cÖfve: WTO Gi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx K…wl DcKi‡Y miKvix fZy©Kx n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j mvi exR I K…wl hš¿cvwZi g~j¨ e„w× cv‡e| G‡Z K‡i Avgv‡`i K…wl wekvj ûgKxi m¤§Lxb nIqvi m¤¢veebv i‡q‡Q|
3. Jla wk‡í cÖfve: WTO Gi ‡gav¯^Z¡ AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv`‡k wbR¯^ c¨v‡›UU AvBb Abyhvqx A‡bK Jla Avi Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| G‡Z K‡i Jl‡ai gyj¨ e„w×mn gvby‡li wPwKrmv myweav e¨vnZ n‡e|
4. †cvkvK wkí cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb: 2005 mb †_‡K WTO Gi bxwZgvjv Kvh©Ki nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ MFN I †KvUv myweav D‡V _v‡K| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki ‡cvkvK wk‡íi Rb¨ ch©vß myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wkí cÖwZôvb †bB| ZvB ‡`‡ki †cvkvK wkí e¨vcK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q|
5. we‡`kx c‡Y¨i evRv‡i cwiYZ n‡PQ: WTO Gi Rb¨ evRvi Db¥y³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i evRv‡i Aev‡a we‡`kx cY¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j Avg`vbx e¨q e„w× cv‡”Q I evwYR¨ fvimvg¨ w`b w`b cÖKU n‡”Q|
6. we‡bv`b wkí cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb: evRvi Db¥y³ nIqvq evsjv‡`‡k we‡`kx we‡bv`b cY¨ †hgb: wm‡bgv, Mv‡bi wmwW, K¨v‡mU Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| DbœZ we‡k¦i G mg¯— we‡bv`b c‡Y¨i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i wm‡bgv, Mvb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †c‡i DV‡Q bv| ZvB Avgv‡`i we‡bv`b wkí ûgKxi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q|
7. bvixi AwfMg¨Zv e„w×: evwYR¨ Db¥y³ †`‡k we‡`‡k wewb‡qvM e„w×mn †ek wKQy wkí KviLvbv cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gme Kg©ms¯’v‡bi GKUv eo As‡k GLb bvixiv wb‡qvwRZ n‡”Q|
8. †mev m¤úwK©Z evwYR¨ Pzw³i cÖfve: Pzw³ Abyhvqx †`k mg~‡ni †mevLvZ we‡`kx cuywR wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i wbKU Db¥y³ n‡q †M‡Q| d‡j we‡`kx cuywR wewb‡qvMKvixiv Gme Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡e Ges cwi‡mevi LvZ¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y P‡j hv‡e|
9. †eKviZ¡ I `vwi`ª¨ e„w×: we‡`kx cY¨ mvgMÖx Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Kivq evsjv‡`‡ki wkí KviLvbv G‡Ki ci GK eÜ n‡q hv‡e| d‡j †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ I †eKviZ¡ fqvenfv‡e e„w× cv‡e|
10. DbœZ †`k mg~‡ni GK¸‡qwg: Dbœqbkxj ¯^‡ívbœZ Ges Avwd«Kvb †`k¸‡jv wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Kvh©µ‡g cÖwZeÜKZvi Rb¨ DbœZ wek¦‡K `vqx K‡i‡Q| Aciw`‡K abx †`k¸‡jvi ej‡Q Zv‡`i Avš—wiKZv m‡Ë¡I `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi AwZgvÎvq e³……ZvevwRI Abgbxq g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y WTO Zvi Kvw•LZ j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
11. cwi‡ek wech©q: WTO evwYR¨ I wkí m¤cÖmvi‡Yi bv‡g e„¶ wbab Ges mvgyw`ªK cÖvYxi e¨vcK wbab Kvh„µg‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q| hvi †ekxi fvMB cÖfve co‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦|
12. Avg`vbx ißvbx‡Z weiƒc cÖfve: WTO Gi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx wkíRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi fZz©wK †`qv hv‡e bv| d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi ißvbx Avg`vbx wbf©i K‡i DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Dci|
m‡e©vcwi, evsjv‡`‡ki gZ GKwU DbœqYkxj †`k wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi bxwZi KzcÖfv‡e A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| hvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ w`b w`b ûgKxi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q| GB DËiY evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ evÃbxq|
evsjv‡`‡ki KiYxq:
evsjv‡`k‡K GLb wewfbœ †`‡ki AbvbywôvwbK gZvgZ‡K wePvi-we‡klY K‡i bZzb †b‡Mvwm‡qkb †KŠkj wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡kvbv hv‡”Q wØcvw¶K Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g R½x Avµg‡Y RR©wiZ cvwK¯—vb Ges Zvwgj wewPQbœZvev`x‡`i i³¶qx Av‡›`vj‡b ¶wZMÖ¯’ kªxjsKvi A_©bxwZ‡K Pv½v Kivi Rb¨ hy³ivóª G `ywU †`k‡K ïé I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi w`‡Z hv‡”Q| Zv n‡j hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb Av‡iv K‡g hv‡e| Ggwb‡ZB 2009-2010 A_© eQ‡ii cÖ_g †KvqvU©v‡i 2008-2009 A_© eQ‡ii GKB mg‡qi Zzjbvq hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb cÖvq 12 kZvsk n«vm †c‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`k‡K hy³iv‡óªi m‡½ me ai‡bi D‡`¨vM †Rviv‡jvfv‡e MÖnY Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z wek¦ Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †`kwU †h ¶wZi wkKvi n‡”Q Zv AvswkK KvwU‡q IVvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ n‡jI GKB my‡hvM cvq| ZvB `ª“Z †KŠkj wba©viY K‡i c`‡¶c †bqv DwPZ| cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_I wØcvw¶K Av‡jvPbv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e| Avi WweøDwUIi Av‡jvPbvq wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© AUzU ivLvi j‡¶¨ GjwWwm¸‡jvi mv‡_ eZ©gvb gZ wewbg‡qI Av‡iv wbweo Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †KvUvgy³ I ïégy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi WweøDwUI bxwZ‡Z AšZf©y³ n‡Z wej¤^ n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb †Zgb ¶wZi gy‡LvgywL n‡e bv|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Aw¯—‡Z¡i msKU:
hy³iv‡óªi cÖZ¨¶ D‡`¨vM I DbœZ we‡k¦i mg_©‡b wek¦ evwYR¨‡K wb‡R‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Avbvi D‡Ïk¨ my-cwiKwíZfv‡e 1995 m‡b WTO cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ myweav cÖ`v‡bi †jvf †`wL‡q I Pvc cÖqvM K‡i wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨ n‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z DbœZ we‡k¦i iv󪸇jv Pzw³‡Z D‡jwLZ myweav¸‡jv cÖ`v‡b Mwogwm ïi“ Ki‡j Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ iv󪸇jv WTO Gi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖwZev‡`i cÖZ¨¶ ewn:cÖKvk N‡U wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi KvbKzb m‡¤§j‡b| DbœZ we‡k¦i iv󪸇jv Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ we‡k¦i iv󪸇jv‡K †h myweav¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kivi A½xKvi K‡iwQj Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQj:
1. DbœZ we‡k¦i evRv‡i Z…Zxq we‡k¦i c‡Y¨i ïégy³ I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi;
2. K…wl‡Z DbœZ wek¦ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë fZy©wK µgvš^‡q n«vm Kiv;
3. Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ ch©v‡jvPbv c~e©K U¨vwi‡di nvi wba©viY:
4. Avg`vbx c‡Y¨ Ki I wewa wb‡la msµvš— mgvb my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb I
5. mgZvi bxwZ‡Z we‡iva gxgvsmv BZ¨vw`|
WTO i cÖwZôvi 15 eQi cvi nevi ciI Z…Zxq we‡k¦i ¯^v_© mswkó welq¸‡jv wbwðZ Kiv nqwb| Gi d‡j DbœZ we‡k¦i mv‡_ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi µgvMZ `~iZ¡ †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv WTOi m¤ú‡K© D`vmxbZv, AbybœZ we‡k¦i Pzw³ Abyhvqx wek¦ evwY‡R¨ Askx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi `vwe Ges AwbqwgZ m‡¤§jb Abyôv‡bi cvkvcvwk m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ wm×vš—¸‡jv Kvh©Kix bv nevi Kvi‡Y ms¯’vwUi fwelZ wb‡q A‡b‡KB AvksKv cÖKvk Ki‡Qb|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi mgv‡jvPbv:
wek¦ evwYR¨ Pzw³i g~j j¶¨ n‡jv Aeva evwYR¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ‡K RvMÖZ Kiv| wek¦ evwYR¨ Pzw³i Kvh©µg Ges c×wZ welq‡K kw³kvjxfv‡e RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wek¦evwYR¨ Pzw³ awb Ges Mixe‡`i g‡a¨i e¨eavb Av‡iv †ewk evwo‡q †Zv‡j|
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n:
wek¦ evwYR¨ Pzw³‡Z †QvU †`kmg~n LyeB ¶z`ª cÖfve †d‡j hw`I wek¦evwYR¨ ms¯’vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| RvZxq ch©v‡qi ivRbxwZwe`iv cÖwZwbwaZ¡‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K wek¦ evwYR¨ Pzw³‡Z Ges H mg¯— †`kmg~n A_ev Zv‡`i g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ e¨emv‡qi jvf cÖfve †d‡j| gvwU©b †Kvi hyw³ w`‡qwQ‡jb †h, wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v wb‡iv‡c¶fv‡e wek¦ A_©bxwZi e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| c¶cvwZ‡Z¡i KwZcq D`vniY abx †`kmg~n D”P ch©v‡qi Avg`vwb K‡i Ges Drcv`‡bi wbw`©ó Ask wbwðZ K‡i Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n †_‡K Avg`vwb eÜ K‡i ‡`q|
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni Anty dumping cwigv‡ci †¶‡Î ïégy³ evav Av‡iv e„w× K‡i|
hLb Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n Zv‡`i evRvi †Lv‡j ZLb DbœZ †`kmg~n Zv‡`i †`kxq wkí‡K we‡`kx c‡Y¨i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯nv K‡i|
A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n Di“¸‡q ivDÛ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvq AbymiY ev Kvh©Kifv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
wUªcm Pzw³‡Z Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n mvgvb¨ wKQy cÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z ‡c‡iwQj hv Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq c×wZ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y DrcwË n‡qwQj hvi g‡a¨ Jla Ges K…wl wfwËK Drcv`b Aš—f©y³|
‡Kv‡ii hyw³‡Z, Di“¸‡q ivD‡Ûi wek¦ evwYR¨Pzw³ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n jvfevb n‡Z cv‡iwb Ges wek¦ evwYR¨ c×wZi wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv ax‡i ax‡i K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K|
‡Kv‡ii g‡Z, Di“¸‡q ivD‡Ûi GKUv cÖavb †KŠkjMZ mgm¨v n‡jv ev¯—evqbRwbZ mgm¨v|
RM`xk evMIqvwU e‡j‡Qb, †gvoKRvZKi‡Yi eo ai‡Yi ïégy³ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Mixe †`kmg~n abx †`kmg~‡ni jvMvg ai‡Z cv‡i Anty dumping Falings Gi gva¨‡g|
kª‡gi Aeva cÖev‡n Abxnv:
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v gy³ evwYR¨, wewb‡qvM, wbqš¿Ynxb Kv‡iÝx BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡jvfb †`Lv‡”Q Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K| wKš‘ wd« †jevi ev `wi`ª †`‡ki myjf kªwg‡Ki wkí‡bœvZ †`‡k hvIqvi K_v DPPviY Ki‡Q bv| wmqvU‡j gy³evRvi bxwZi cvkvcvwk DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †`Iqvi `vwe ‡Zvjv n‡jI DbœZ wek¦ G e¨vcv‡i †Zgb AvMÖnx bq| nsKs I †R‡bfv m‡¤§j‡b DbœZ we‡k¦i K…wl‡Z fZy©wK n«v‡mi A½xKvi I Z…Zxq wek¦‡K evwYR¨ myweav cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkªywZ ev¯Zevq‡bi `vwe‡Z e¨vcK gZcv_©K¨ ˆZwi nq| AwaKvsk kªwgK BDwbqb Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki kªwgK AwaKv‡ii wei“‡× wb›`v cÖ`k©b K‡i|
cwi‡ek wech©q WTO:
Ab¨vb¨ mgv‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ cwi‡ek msµvš— welq `„pfv‡e cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv nq| w÷fKvi‡‡bvwfmU G m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v K‡ib| wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb †h cwi‡ek msµvš— bxwZ m¤úv`K e¨e¯’vcbv, evwYR¨ kw³ e„w× BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †h cwigvY gybvdv AR©b m¤¢e nq Zv cwi‡ek msµvšZ e¨‡qi PvB‡Z Kg| WTO evwYR¨ I wkí m¤cÖmvi‡Yi bv‡g e„¶ wbab Ges mvgyw`ªK cÖvYxi e¨vcK wbab Kvh©µg‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q| hvi †ewki fvMB n‡”Q Dbœqbkxj †`‡k| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv Zv‡`i cwi‡ek wech©‡qi Rb¨ DbœZ wek¦‡K `vqx Ki‡Q| DbœZ wek¦ G e¨vcv‡i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K Dc‡¶v K‡i hv‡”Q|
wm×vš— MÖnY:
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨ ivóª mg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYR¨ msµvš— gy³ Av‡jvPbvi K_v ej‡jI Z…Zxq wek¦ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki myweav msi¶Y I gZvgZ eiveiB D‡cw¶Z n‡q Avm‡Q| WTO †Z hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, Rvcvb, BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi gZvg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wmivUj, KvbKzb, nsKs I †R‡bfv m‡¤§j‡b Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n WTO Gi wei“‡× Awf‡hvM †Zv‡j †h WTO KZ©„K cÖYqbK…Z bxwZ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †gŠwjK AwaKvi †Kej Le©B Ki‡Q bv eis Zvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡I n¯Z‡¶c Ki‡Q| A‡bK †emiKvwi msMVb †hgb IqvW© †dwiivwj÷ (Word Fereralist) gyf‡g›U wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g›Uvix A¨v‡m¤^jx MVb Kivi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib|
we‡`kx evRv‡i cÖ‡ek msµvš— welq:
¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖxi Drcv`b e¨q Zzjbvg~jK †ewk nIqvq we‡`kx evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv Gme †`‡ki Rb¨ †ek KwVb| DbœZ †`k mg~n evwYR¨ D`vixKi‡Yi †¶‡Î A‡bK cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡jI Zv‡`i evRv‡i Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni cÖ‡ekvwaKvi LyeB mxwgZ| KviY Hme †`‡ki cÖwZkÖ“wZ ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwµqv LyeB axi MwZ m¤úbœ|
mieivn msµvš— mgm¨v:
M¨vU Gi gva¨‡g ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Rb¨ evwYR¨ myweav m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †h m¤¢vebv wQj, mieivn msµvš— mgm¨v Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c bó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| g~jZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZvi cÖvwZôvwbK Ae¨e¯’v I `¶ gvbe m¤ú‡`i Afv‡e ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n †mme m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Dci WTO Gi cÖfve:
WTO Gi Pzw³ Abyhvqx D`vixKi‡Yi bxwZ ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z wM‡q Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni bvbvgyLx P¨v‡jÄ I Amyweavi m¤§yLxb| †hgb:
1. mieivn msµvš— mgm¨v: GATT Gi Uruguay Round Ageement Gi gva¨‡g ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡ni Rb¨ evwYR¨ myweav m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †h m¤¢vebv wQj, mieivn msµvš— mgm¨v Zv‡K m¤úY©iƒ‡c bó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| gyjZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZvi cÖvwZôvwbK Ae¨e¯’v I `¶ gvbe m¤ú‡`i Afv‡e ¯^‡ívbœZ †`kmg~n †mme m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
2. Avg`vbx ißvbx‡Z weiƒc cÖfve: WTO Gi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx wk‡ívRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi fZy©wK †`qv hv‡e bv| d‡j Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi ißvbx n«vm cv‡e Ges Avg`vbx wbf©i Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv Zvi ißvbx wk‡íi AwaKvsk KuvPvgvj we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vbx Ki‡Z wM‡q Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡e|
3. K…wl Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡e: Di“¸‡q ivDÛ Pzw³ Abyhvqx K…wl‡Z fZy©wK †`qv hv‡e bv| Gi d‡j †ekxifv‡M K…wl wbf©i Dbœqbkxj †`‡k mvi, exRmn wewfbœ K…wl DcKi‡Yi `vg e„w× cv‡e Ges djkÖ“wZ‡Z †gvU Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e| Gme †`k‡K cieZ©x‡Z Lv`¨ Avg`vbx Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e Zv‡`i A_©bxwZ|
4. †mev m¤úwK©Z evwYR¨ Pzw³ (GATS) Gi cÖfve: Pzw³ Abyhvqx Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni †mevLvZ we‡`kx cuywR we‡b‡qvMKvix‡`i wbKU Db¥y³ n‡q †M‡Q| d‡j we‡`kx cuywR wewb‡qvMKvixiv Gme Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ki‡e Ges cwi‡mevi LvZ¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y P‡j hv‡e|
5. evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z †gavmË¡v (TRIP) Gi cÖfve: we‡k¦i `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv GZKvj hveZ wbR¯^ †c‡U›U AvB‡bi AvIZvq DbœZ we‡k¦i cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i AvmwQj| TRIP Pzw³ G my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K| d‡j Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K †gvUv As‡Ki wewbg‡q eûRwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †_‡K DbœZ cÖhyw³ wKb‡Z n‡e| †hgb: evjv‡`‡ki Jla wkí I BwÄwiqvwis wkí Gi d‡j ûgwKi m¤§ywLb| G‡Z K‡i wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v Mixe gvby‡li bvMv‡ji evB‡i P‡j hv‡e|
6. evwYR¨ m¤úwK©Z wewb‡qvM (TRIM) e¨e¯’v Pzw³ Gi cÖfve: G Pzw³i d‡j we‡`kx †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †`kxq †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi g‡Zv Aev‡a Avg`vbx ißvbx Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| DbœZ †`‡ki we‡`kx †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi i‡q‡Q DbœZ cÖhyw³ I wekvj g~jab| G Kvi‡Y †`kxq †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv Zv‡`i mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq gvi Lv‡e I A‡bK wkí KviLvbv eÜ n‡q hv‡e|
7. †eKviZ¡ I `vwi`ª¨ e„w×: we‡`kx cY¨ mvgMÖx Aev‡a cÖ‡ek Kivq G †`k¸‡jvi wkí KviLvbv G‡Ki ci GK eÜ n‡q hv‡e| d‡j Gme †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ I †eKviZ¡ fqvenfv‡e e„w× cv‡e|
8. D`vi evwYR¨bxwZi bv‡g ˆelg¨ evwYR¨bxwZi m„wó: Aeva evwYR¨ Ges Aeva evRvi mKv‡ji Rb¨B DcKvix Ggb K_v me mgq †NvlYv K‡i †eovq WTO wKš‘ G aviYv mZ¨ bq| Ab¨w`‡K `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv Zv‡`i cY¨ DbœZ ‡`k¸‡jvi evRv‡i w`‡Z cvi‡Q bv| KviY †mLv‡b Av‡Q ïé I ïéRwbZ bvbv evav| Avevi wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸jv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K wkíRvZ `ª‡e¨i Dci ïé kZKiv 15 kZvsk Gi wb‡P ivLvi Rb¨ eva¨ Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e kw³kvjx A_©bxwZi mv‡_ `ye©j A_©bxwZi ga¨Kvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq `ye©j c¶ AeavwiZfv‡e civf~Z n‡”Q| G Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j 90 Gi `k‡K abx †`k¸‡jvi mv‡½ `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi Rxeb gvb I mg„w×i e¨eavb Av‡iv †e‡o‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi cÖe„w×i nvi 70 Gi `k‡Ki †P‡qI Kg n‡q‡Q 90 Gi `k‡K| †hLv‡b WTO i KvR n‡”Q †`‡k †`‡k evwYR¨ msNvZ †gUv‡bv †mLv‡b Zv‡`i cÖYqbK…Z bxwZi d‡j G msNvZ DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q|
9. cÖwZkÖywZ c~i‡Y Abxnv: WTO Gi cÖ_g `ywU m‡¤§j‡b Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †¶‡Î A‡bK cÖwZkÖ“wZ †`qv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ev¯—‡e G me cÖwZkyªwZi ev¯Zevqb nqwb| †mw`‡K `„wó bv w`‡q WTO MZvbyMwZKfv‡e wmqvU‡ji ˆeV‡K AMÖmi nq| ZvB Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi ga¨ e¨vcK cÖwZwµv cwijw¶Z nq hv wmqvUj m‡¤§j‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j Ges me©‡kl KvbKzb, nsKs I †R‡bfv m‡¤§jbI e¨_© nq|
10. nsKs I †R‡bfv m‡¤§j‡bi djvdj: 2005 mv‡j nsKs Gi 6ô m‡¤§jb I 2009 m‡b †R‡bfvq AbywôZ WTO Gi 7g m‡¤§j‡b `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv Zv‡`i Dci abx †`k¸‡jvi Pvwc‡q †`qv wm×v‡š—i weiy‡× e¨vcK cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q| GG m‡¤§j‡b abx †`k¸‡jvi Kvh©Kjvc cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, WTO ïaygvÎ abx †`k¸‡jvi g~LcvÎ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi myweav Amyweav wb‡q ‡Zgb †Kvb AvMÖn †`Lv‡”Q bv|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v‡K Kvh©Kwi Kivi mycvwik:
wek¦ evwYR¨‡K k„sLwjZ Kiv Ges wek¦ evwYR¨ abx`wi`ª me iv‡óªi Askx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v MwVZ nq| ms¯’vwUi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mwVKfv‡e ev¯—evwqZ bv nevi Rb¨ ms¯’vwUi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i me© e„nr GB evwYR¨ msMVbwU‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j †h welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e:
wek¦ evwY‡R¨ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i iv󪸇jvi ¯^v_© msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
wek¦ ivRbxwZi msKU `~ixf~Z K‡i evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
abx iv󪸇jvi evRv‡i Z…Zxq we‡k¦i c‡Y¨i ïégy³ cÖ‡ewkavKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
DbœZ †`k¸‡jv KZ©„K K…wl‡Z fZz©wK cÖ`vb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wek¦ evwY‡R¨i cÖab I e„nr Askx`v‡ii `vwqZ¡kxj n‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ m‡¤§j‡b M„wnZ wm×vš—¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
kª‡gi Aeva cÖevn wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
†gav¯^Z¡ AvBb Kvh©Ki Kivi c~‡e© mKj †`‡ki ¯^v_© msi¶Y wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
evwYR¨ we‡iva gxgvsmvi †¶‡Î ¶z`ª I `wi`ª iv󪸇jvi ¯^v_© msi¶Y wbi‡c¶ f~wgKv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©v‡`i Kvh©µg‡K AviI MwZkxj Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbqwgZ ˆeVK Abyôv‡bi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Dcmsnvi:
evi evi †Kvb A½xKvi I cÖvwß QvovB m‡¤§jb¸‡jv †kl n‡jI eZ©gvb wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡K wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ BwZevPK cÖfve j¶¨Yxq| Av‡jvPbvi Aš—f©y³ mycwiwikmg~n hw` myôz, my›`i I avivevwnKfv‡e ev¯—evqb Kiv hvq Z‡e wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z A_©‰bwZK fv‡e †bZ…Z¡¯’vbxq GB msMVbwU wewfbœ †`k I RvwZi Kj¨vYKi cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
mnvwqKv
1. evMPx Awgq Kzgvi, wek¦vqb, fvebv-`yf©vebv, cÖ_g LÛ, b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ, cÖv: wj:, 2006 Bs|
2. Kv‡iU A¨v‡dqvm© G¨vjevg, 32010 Bs cÖ‡dmim cÖKvkb|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v, 2012 I 2013 Bs|
4. Social Science Review, Dhaka University, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1998.
5. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/globalization.
6. www.groundreport.com./.../Globalization...Bangladesh.
7. www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public@dgreports/.../wcms_079177.pdf.
8. www.essays.se/.../the+effets+of+globalization+in+Bangladesh.
9. www.bignerds.com/papers/.../Impat-Of-Globalization-In-Bangladesh.
10. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/wto
== বহিঃসংযোগ ==
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