ব্যবহারকারী:আ হ ম সাকিব/খেলাঘর ২

মিসরীয় ইসলামি জিহাদ (EIJ, আরবি: الجهاد الإسلامي المصري), পূর্বে শুধুমাত্র ইসলামি জিহাদ (الجهاد الإسلامي এবং "Liberation Army for Holy Sites" নামে ডাকা হত।) স্বাভাবিকভাবে আল-জিহাদ, জিহাদি দল অথবা জিহাদি সংগঠন নামে পরিচিত। হচ্ছে একটি মিসরীয় ইসলামি সন্ত্রাসবাদী দল যেটি ১৯৭০ সাল থেকে সক্রিয় হয়েছিল। এটির উপর জাতিসংঘ কর্তৃক আল কায়েদার শাখা হিসেবে আন্তর্জাতিক নিষেধাজ্ঞা বলবৎ রয়েছে। এটির উপর বিশ্বের আরো বিভিন্ন দেশ কর্তৃক নিষেধাজ্ঞা রয়েছে। এই দলটি যুক্তরাজ্য কর্তৃক সন্ত্রাসবাদ আইন ২০০০ অনুসারে নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষিত হয়।

এই দলটির প্রথমদিকে মূল লক্ষ্য ছিল, মিসরীয় সরকারকে উৎখাত করে একটি ইসলামি রাষ্ট্র প্রতিষ্ঠা করা। কিন্তু পরে এর উদ্দেশ্যে মিসরে এবং মিসরের বাহিরে মার্কিন এবং ইসরায়েলি স্থাপনাগুলোতে হামলা করাও যুক্ত হয়।

ইআইজে সারাবিশ্বেই অনেক গ্রেফতারির মুখোমুখি হয়েছে, উদাহরণতঃ ২০০৬-২০০৭ এ লেবানন ও ইয়েমেনের গ্রেফতারি। ২০০১ সালের জুনে আল কায়েদার সাথে মিসরীয় ইসলামি জিহাদ (যা অনেক বছর যাবত একে অপরের সহযোগী হিসেবে ছিল) "কায়েদাতুল জিহাদ" নামধারণ করে একীভূত হয়ে যায়। যাইহোক, জাতিসংঘ এই সংগঠনটি একীভূত হবার ঘোষণা দেবার পর ভিতরে ভাঙ্গন সৃষ্টি হয়েছিল।

২০১১ সালের মিসরীয় বিপ্লবের পর এই দলটির সাবেক নেতৃবৃন্দ ইসলামিক পার্টি নামে একটি রাজনৈতিক দলে যোগদান করে। এই দলটি ২০১৩ সালের সরকারবিরোধী অভ্যুত্থানের সময় সরকারবিরোধী জোটে যোগদান করে।

ইতিহাস

ক

“ "ফারাজ শুক্রবারে একটি গোপন মসজিদে নৈতিক বক্তৃতা দিতেন, যেই মসজিদ তার শ্বশুরালয়ের লোকেরা তৈরি করেছিলো। তিনি তার শ্রোতাদের থেকে একটি অংশকে সহিংস জিহাদ শুরু করতে একটি গোপন দলে যোগ দিতে রাজী করেন। কায়রো জঙ্গী গোষ্ঠী স্বায়ত্তশাসিত ছিল, কিন্তু তারা তবুও একটি সাধারণ কাজের কৌশল হিসেবে সাপ্তাহিক সাক্ষাত করতেন......।" ”

আল-জিহাদ অথবা "তানযিম আল-জিহাদ" (প্রচলিত বাংলায়: তানযিমুল জিহাদ) হচ্ছে ১৯৮০ সালে ঐক্যবদ্ধ হওয়া দুটি পৃথক ইসলামি দলের নাম। একটি দল আব্দুস সালাম ফারাজের নেতৃত্বের কায়রো দল অপরটি কারাম জুহদির নেতৃত্বের সাইদি (উত্তর মিসরের অংশ) অঞ্চলের দল। ফারাজ ১৯৮০ সালে আল-ফারিদ্বাহ আল-গাইবাহ (অবহেলিত ফরজ বা দায়িত্ব) নামে আল-জিহাদ দলের নীতিনির্ধারণী বই লিখেন। বইটির ৫০০ কপি ছাপানো হয়।

মিসরীয় প্রেসিডেন্ট আনোয়ার সাদাত হত্যাকান্ডের পর মিসর সরকার তানযিমুল জিহাদের সদস্যদের গ্রেফতার করতে সক্ষম হয়। কিন্তু আদালতের বিচার চলাকালীন সময়ে জেলে কায়রো এবং সাইদির লোকেরা দুই ভাগ হয়ে যায়। কায়রোর জঙ্গি গোষ্ঠী পরে মিসরীয় ইসলামি জিহাদে পরিণত হয়। এবং সাইদির লোকেরা আল-জামাআতুল ইসলামিয়্যাহ অথবা অন্যান্য ইসলামি দলে যোগদান করেন। আয়মান আল-জাওয়াহিরি বলেন, ‘‘ইআইজে তাকফির ওয়াল হিজরা দল হতে পৃথক একটি দল। আমরা মানুষকে তাদের পাপের কারণে তাকফির করিনা। এবং আমরা মুসলিম ব্রাদারহুড থেকেও আলাদা। কারণ, তারা কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে মিসর সরকারের বিরোধিতা করে না।’’

কায়রো জঙ্গী গোষ্ঠীর প্রধান ছিলেন আব্বুদ আল-যুমার, "মিসরের সেনাবাহিনীর গোয়েন্দা বিভাগের একজন এককালীন অফিসার তাকে সাদাতহত্যায় জড়িত থাকার অভিযোগে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেন। এই ঘটনা ইসলামি জিহাদকে খুব কম সময়ে শক্তভাবে দমন করে ফেলে।

মধ্যম শ্রেণীর সদস্যদের অধিকাংশই তিনবছরের মধ্যে জেল থেকে মুক্তি লাভ করেন। এরপর তারা মুজাহিদদের সহায়তা করতে নিজ ঘর থেকে পালিয়ে পাকিস্তান এবং আফগানিস্তানে গমন করেন।

পাকিস্তান এবং আফগানিস্তান

১৯৮০-৯০ এর মাঝামাঝি সময়ে পাকিস্তানের পেশাওয়ারে জঙ্গী গোষ্ঠীটি মিসরীয় ইসলামি জিহাদ নামে পুনর্গঠিত হতে থাকে। "দলটির তাদের নামমাত্র কারাবন্দী নেতা আব্বুদ আল-যুমারের সাথে খুবই দুর্বল সম্পর্ক ছিল।" সাইয়েদ ইমাম আশ-শরিফ বা ড. ফাদল In the mid-1980s, in Peshawar Pakistan, the militants reconstituted themselves as the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, "with very loose ties to their nominal imprisoned leader, Abbud al-Zumar. A physician by the name of Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif or "Dr. Fadl" was head of EIJ for some time, although eventually, Ayman al-Zawahiri, "whose leadership style was autocratic," would take over. During this time EIJ became more extreme, with for example, Dr. Fadl emphasizing the importance of takfir and execution of apostates, which he argued should include those who registered to vote, since this was a violation of God's sovereignty over governance.

It was also at this time that some saw "the Egyptians" of the EIJ begin to exert an influence on Osama bin Laden, who at the time was known as a wealthy and well-connected fundraiser for the jihad in Afghanistan. Egyptian filmmaker Essam Deraz, "bin Laden's first biographer," met bin Laden in the "Lion's Den" training camp in Afghanistan and complained that the Egyptians "formed a barrier" around bin Laden and "whenever he tried to speak confidentially to bin Laden, the Egyptians would surround the Saudi and drag him into another room". One of those who complained of being elbowed aside was a former mentor of bin Laden Abdullah Azzam, the original exponent and organizer of global jihad on behalf of the Afghan mujahideen.

In 1991, EIJ broke with al-Zumur and al-Zawahiri took control of the leadership. At this point, Marc Sageman (a former foreign service officer who was based in Islamabad from 1987 to 1989), says "the EIJ became a free-floating network without any real ties to its original society or to its surrounding society".

Sudan

al-Jihad (EIJ) had a blind-cell structure, meaning members in one group did not know the identities or activities of those in another, so that if one member were captured they would not be able to endanger the whole organization. However, Egyptian authorities captured the membership director of EIJ, the one member who had all the other members names. The database in his computer listed every member's address, aliases, and potential hideouts. Al-Jihad leader al-Zawahiri bitterly lamented "the government newspapers" elation over “the arrest of 800 members of the al-Jihad group without a single shot being fired".

In August 1993, al-Jihad unsuccessfully attempted to kill the Egyptian Interior Minister, Hassan Al Alfi, who was leading a crackdown on Islamic militants. A bomb-laden motorcycle exploded next to the minister's car, fatally wounding Nazih Nushi Rashed and killing Tarek Abdel-Nabi (Dia al-Deen) instantly. The attack marked the first time Sunni Islamists had made use of suicide in terrorism, a technique made famous by Shia Hezbollah in Lebanon. It is "likely that the notion of suicide bombing" was inspired by Hezbollah as al-Zawahiri had been to Iran to raise money, and had sent his underling Ali Mohamed, "among others, to Lebanon to train with Hezbollah".

A few months later in November, al-Jihad made another bombing attempt, this time to kill Egypt's prime minister, Atef Sidqi. The car bomb exploded close to a girls' school in Cairo as the minister was driven past. The minister, protected by his armored car, was unhurt, but the explosion injured 21 people and killed a young schoolgirl, Shayma Abdel-Halim. Unfortunately for al-Jihad this bombing was preceded by two years of terror by a larger terror group (al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya) that had killed 240, and the patience of the Egyptian public had run short. "Little Shayma's death captured people's emotions as nothing else had" and "when her coffin was borne through the streets of Cairo, people cried, 'Terrorism is the enemy of God!'" A harsh police crackdown followed and 280 EIJ members were arrested, with 6 eventually given a death sentence.

EIJ's longtime association with al-Qaeda became closer at this time when "most" of its members were reported to have gone "on the al-Qaeda payroll". The leader of EIJ hoped this would be a temporary measure but later confided to one of this chief assistants that joining with bin Laden had been "the only solution to keeping the Jihad organization abroad alive."

Mubarak assassination attempt

In June 1995, another failed assassination attempt caused yet a greater setback. Operating from its exile base in Sudan, EIJ joined forces with the Egyptian al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and Sudanese intelligence in an attempt to kill Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak while he was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity. Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif has claimed that Zawahiri was an agent for Sudanese intelligence services. The leader of the plot was "Mustafa Hamza, a senior Egyptian member of the Al-Qaeda and commander to the military branch of the Islamic Group". The plotters had been planning the attack for more than a year, and even married local women in Ethiopia. They received assistance from Sudanese intelligence services, which smuggled weapons into their embassy in Ethiopia.

Their hope was to decapitate the Egyptian government thereby eliminating the "iron grip" of the state security services, and creating a power vacuum which Islamists could then fill. Unfortunately for this plan, the attack was foiled by a malfunctioning grenade launcher and Mubarak’s bulletproof limousine.

Expulsion from Sudan

Back in Egypt, Mubarak launched a ruthless campaign to crush anyone involved in Islamist terrorism, but in Sudan the EIJ had even worse troubles.

In 1994, Ahmad Salama Mabruk's 17-year-old son Musab, as well as the 15-year-old son Ahmed of Mohammed Sharaf, were captured by the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate and sexually abused. They were blackmailed with videotape of the sodomy, until they agreed to act as informants against their fathers' group. Musab went through his father's files and photocopied them for the Egyptians, but the Sudanese intelligence service saw the covert meetings and alerted al-Jihad, recommending that they treat the boys leniently if they confessed. al-Zawahiri convened a Sharia court, where Musab confessed he had been given explosives by the Egyptians which he was told to detonate at the next Shura council meeting. They were each found guilty of "sodomy, treason, and attempted murder", and sentenced to death by firing squad. The trial, and the execution, were filmed and copies of the film were distributed by al-Jihad.

When the Sudanese found out about the executions in its jurisdiction, al-Zawahiri and the rest of EIJ were ordered to leave the Sudan. It was a devastating blow to the group. "In Zawahiri's hands, al-Jihad had splintered into angry and homeless gangs".

bin Laden was also weakened by this failed operation. The core of his al-Qaeda group was made up of members of Islamic Jihad. Because of Sudan's collaboration in the plot, the United Nations voted to impose sanction on the country. To rehabilitate itself in the international community, the Sudanese government pressured bin Laden to leave the country. Bin Laden and many EIJ returned to war torn Afghanistan having lost many members and almost all of bin Laden's assets.

On November 19, 1995, EIJ bombed the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad killing 16 and wounding 60. The attack served as a prototype for future attacks by its sister organization al-Qaeda, such as the 1998 bombings of American embassies in Africa.

Albania

According to journalist Lawrence Wright, based on testimony given at the trial of the Albanian cell members in the late 1990s or early 2000s, EIJ membership had dwindled to 40 members outside Egypt, and none at all inside the country where "the movement had been eradicated".

In 1998, three al-Jihad members were arrested in Albania, and the United States intervened to ensure they were extradited to Egypt to face charges. In Afghanistan Zawahiri wrote the 1998 fatwa for the "International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," calling for the killing of Americans and their allies, both civilian and military, which was signed by representatives of several jihadi organizations, including EIJ. In August 1998, Issam Abdel-Tawab was extradited to Egypt from Bulgaria.

Dissent among EIJ members to this change of direction and abandonment of the taking over Egypt as the group's primary goal, was so strong that "in the end, Zawahiri pledged to resign if the members failed to endorse his actions. The organization was in such disarray because of arrests and defections, and so close to bankruptcy, that the only choice was to follow Zawahiri or abandon al-Jihad". One of those who did abandon al-Jihad was Zawahiri's own brother Muhammed, the military commander of EIJ.

Merger with al-Qaeda

In June 2001, Al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad merged into an entity formally called jamaa'at Qa'idat al-Jihad, with the leadership of the EIJ having "the majority" – six of nine seats – "of al-Qaeda's ruling council (shura)." However, Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif has claimed that only 9 people from the organization, including Zawahiri, actually joined Al-Qaeda.

Consequently, it is often considered synonymous with al-Qaeda (for example, by the US Treasury Department), although some refer to it as a separate organization with al-Zawahiri as its leader and global jihad's main ideologist.

Activities

The organization specializes in armed attacks against high-level Egyptian Government personnel, including cabinet ministers, and car-bombings against official US and Egyptian facilities. The original Jihad was responsible for the attempted assassinations of Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi in August 1993 and Prime Minister Atef Sedky in November 1993. Egyptian Jihad and rival armed group launched a wave of violence against Egypt's secular government in 1992, a campaign they only abandoned at the end of the decade. Nearly 1300 people died in the unrest, including policemen and government officials. It is responsible for the Egyptian Embassy bombing in Islamabad, Pakistan in 1995. In 1998 a planned attack against the US Embassy in Albania was thwarted by a roundup of suspects who are now called the Returnees from Albania.

Leadership

Although Ayman al-Zawahiri was "the one in front", Al-Sharif was the actual leader. Nabil Na'eem was the leader of the group from 1988 until 1992.

The al-Zawahiri faction subsequently formed an alliance with Al-Qaeda leading over time to the effective merger of the two groups operations inside Afghanistan. Even though al-Zawahiri is frequently referred to as a 'lieutenant' or 'second in command' of Al-Qaeda this description is misleading as it implies a hierarchical relationship.

The modern Al-Qaeda organization is the combination of bin Laden's financial resources with al-Zawahiri's ideological and operational leadership.

External aid

The extent of its aid from outside of Egypt is not known. The Egyptian Government claimed that both Iran and Osama bin Laden support the Islamic Jihad. It also may obtain some funding through various Islamic nongovernmental organizations, cover businesses, and criminal acts.

Unlike other militant counterparts, EIJ was noted for condemning only the government as apostate, and seeking to recruit soldiers, reporters and government workers who were untainted by jahiliyya. Iraq agreed in March 1993 to renew relations with the group.

See also

• Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif
• Hani al-Sibai
• Returnees from Albania
• Ali Mohammed
• Abu Ayyub al-Masri
• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

Further reading

• Jamaat al-Islamiyya (and) Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Council on Foreign Relations, October 2005
• ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে In the Spotlight: Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) (২০০৭-০৪-০৯ তারিখে আর্কাইভকৃত), Center for Defense Information, 17 September 2002
• Library of Congress Web Archives Al-Jihad al-Islami (২০০১-০৯-২৫ তারিখে আর্কাইভকৃত), Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies
• Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Australian National Security, Australian Government
• Egypt's Jihad Group leader wants end to violence
• Violence won't work: how author of 'jihadists' bible' stirred up a storm