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তরল অক্সিজেন: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{কাজ চলছে/লক্ষ্য এবার লক্ষ}} {{About|the liquid form of the element oxygen|the commercial dietary supplement product|Li...
(কোনও পার্থক্য নেই)

১৭:৫৭, ২৪ অক্টোবর ২০২০ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

এই নিবন্ধটি the liquid form of the element oxygen সম্পর্কে। the commercial dietary supplement product জন্য Liquid Oxygen (supplement) দেখুন।
"LOX" শিরোনামকে এখানে পুনর্নির্দেশ করা হয়েছে। অন্য ব্যবহারের জন্য Lox (disambiguation) দেখুন।

এই নিবন্ধ থেকে {{Short description}} সরান। এটি বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়ায় কাজ করবে না।

Liquid oxygen (pale blue liquid) in a beaker.
When liquid oxygen is poured from a beaker into a strong magnet, the oxygen is temporarily suspended between the magnet poles, owing to its paramagnetism.

তরল অক্সিজেন—abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries—is the liquid form of diatomic oxygen. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard,[১] an application which has continued to the present.

Physical properties

Liquid oxygen has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful +U- magnet (horseshoe).[২] Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 g/cm3 (1.141 kg/L or 1141 kg/m3), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of ৫৪.৩৬ K (−২১৮.৭৯ °সে; −৩৬১.৮২ °ফা) and a boiling point of ৯০.১৯ K (−১৮২.৯৬ °সে; −২৯৭.৩৩ °ফা) at 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg). Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 under ১ standard atmosphere (১০০ কিPa) and ২০ °সে (৬৮ °ফা),[৩][৪] and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen.

Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen, some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black, etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals, including asphalt, often exhibit this behavior.[৫]

The tetraoxygen molecule (O4) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied Curie's law.[৬] Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O4 molecules in liquid oxygen, O2 molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O4 units.[৭]

Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.

The surface tension of liquid oxygen at its normal pressure boiling point is 13.2 dynes/cm.[৮]

Uses

 
A U.S. Air Force technician transfers liquid oxygen to a Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules aircraft at the Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan. The U.S. Air Force issues more than ৪,০০০ ইউএস গ্যালন (১৫,০০০ লি) of liquid oxygen per month to help aircrews breathe at high altitude at that airbase alone.[৯]

In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant.

Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985 the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases.[১০][১১]

In rocket propellant

আরও দেখুন: Liquid rocket propellant

Liquid oxygen is the most common cryogenic liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen, kerosene or methane.[১২][১৩]

Liquid oxygen was used in the first liquid fueled rocket. The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under the name A-Stoff and Sauerstoff. In the 1950s, during the Cold War both the United States' Redstone and Atlas rockets, and the Soviet R-7 Semyorka used liquid oxygen. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, the ascent stages of the Apollo Saturn rockets, and the Space Shuttle main engines used liquid oxygen.

In 2020, many rockets use liquid oxygen:

History

আরো দেখুন

 
উইকিমিডিয়া কমন্সে তরল অক্সিজেন সংক্রান্ত মিডিয়া রয়েছে।

তথ্যসূত্র

  1. ↑ Editors, History com। "First liquid-fueled rocket"। HISTORY (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০৩-১৬। 
  2. ↑ Moore, John W.; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C. (২১ জানুয়ারি ২০০৯)। Principles of Chemistry: The Molecular Science। Cengage Learning। পৃষ্ঠা 297–। আইএসবিএন 978-0-495-39079-4। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩ এপ্রিল ২০১১। 
  3. ↑ Cryogenic Safety. chemistry.ohio-state.edu.
  4. ↑ Characteristics ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২০১২-০২-১৮ তারিখে. Lindecanada.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.
  5. ↑ "Liquid Oxygen Receipt, Handling, Storage and Disposal"। USAF Training Film। 
  6. ↑ Lewis, Gilbert N. (১৯২৪)। "The Magnetism of Oxygen and the Molecule O2"। Journal of the American Chemical Society। 46 (9): 2027–2032। ডিওআই:10.1021/ja01674a008। 
  7. ↑ Oda, Tatsuki; Alfredo Pasquarello (২০০৪)। "Noncollinear magnetism in liquid oxygen: A first-principles molecular dynamics study" (পিডিএফ)। Physical Review B। 70 (134402): 1–19। ডিওআই:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.134402। বিবকোড:2004PhRvB..70m4402O। [স্থায়ীভাবে অকার্যকর সংযোগ]
  8. ↑ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110014531.pdf J.M. Jurns and J.W. Hartwig (2011). Liquid Oxygen Liquid Acquisition Device Bubble Point Tests With High Pressure LOX at Elevated Temperatures, p.4
  9. ↑ Cryo Techs: Providing the breath of life. af.mil (2014-09-05)
  10. ↑ Arnold, Mark. 1U.S. Army Oxygen Generation System Development. RTO-MP-HFM-182. dtic.mil
  11. ↑ Timmerhaus, K. D. (৮ মার্চ ২০১৩)। Advances in Cryogenic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1957 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado, August 19–21, 1957। Springer Science & Business Media। পৃষ্ঠা 150–। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4684-3105-6। 
  12. ↑ Belluscio, Alejandro G. (মার্চ ৭, ২০১৪)। "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"। NASAspaceflight.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ মার্চ ১৩, ২০১৪। 
  13. ↑ Todd, David (নভেম্বর ২০, ২০১২)। "Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars"। FlightGlobal Hyperbola। নভেম্বর ২৮, ২০১২ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ নভেম্বর ২২, ২০১২। ‘We are going to do methane,’ Musk announced as he described his future plans for reusable launch vehicles including those designed to take astronauts to Mars within 15 years, ‘The energy cost of methane is the lowest and it has a slight Isp (Specific Impulse) advantage over Kerosene’ said Musk adding, ‘and it does not have the pain in the ass factor that hydrogen has.’ ... SpaceX's initial plan will be to build a lox/methane rocket for a future upper stage codenamed Raptor. ... The new Raptor upper stage engine is likely to be only the first engine in a series of lox/methane engines. 
  14. ↑ Cryogenics. Scienceclarified.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-22.
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