মুহাম্মাদের বিরুদ্ধ সমালোচনা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

{{মুহাম্মাদ}}

'''মুহাম্মাদের সমালোচনা''' সপ্তম শতক থেকেই বিদ্যমান। যখন মুহাম্মদ একেশ্বরবাদ প্রচার শুরু করেন তখন আরবের অমুসলিমরা নিন্দা জ্ঞাপন করে। তিনি বাইবেলে বর্ণিত বিভিন্ন ব্যক্তি ও তাদের যেভাবে বর্ণনা দেওয়া হয়েছে তা বাদ দিয়ে নতুনভাবে তাদের উপস্থাপন করেন,<ref name="JE2">{{Cquote|The Jews [...] could not let pass unchallenged the way in which [[Biblical and Quranic narratives|the Koran appropriated Biblical accounts and personages]]; for instance, its making Abraham an Arab and the founder of the [[Kaaba|Ka'bah]] at [[Mecca]]. The prophet, who looked upon every evident correction of his gospel as an attack upon his own reputation, brooked no contradiction, and unhesitatingly threw down the gauntlet to the Jews. Numerous passages in the Koran show how he gradually went from slight thrusts to malicious vituperations and brutal attacks on the customs and beliefs of the Jews. When they justified themselves by referring to the Bible, Muhammad, who had taken nothing therefrom at first hand, accused them of intentionally concealing its true meaning or of entirely misunderstanding it, and taunted them with being "asses who carry books" (sura lxii. 5). The increasing bitterness of this vituperation, which was similarly directed against the less numerous [[Arab Christians|Christians]] of [[Medina]], indicated that in time Muhammad would not hesitate to proceed to actual hostilities. The outbreak of the latter was deferred by the fact that the hatred of the prophet was turned more forcibly in another direction, namely, against the [[Quraysh|people of Mecca]], whose earlier refusal of Islam and whose attitude toward the community appeared to him at Medina as a personal insult which constituted a sufficient cause for [[Islam and war|war]].|author=Richard Gottheil, Mary W. Montgomery, Hubert Grimme|source=[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10918-mohammed "Mohammed"] (1906), ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', [[Kopelman Foundation]].}}</ref> হিব্রু বাইবেলে সর্বশেষ নবীর আভির্ভাবের যে ধরনা দেওয়া হয়েছে তার পরিবর্তে কোন ধরনের অলৌকিক ক্ষমতা প্রদর্শন ব্যতীত তিনি নিজেকে ‘সর্বশেষ নবী’ হিসেবে দাবী করেন।<ref name="JE2"/> যার ফলশ্রুতিতে, আরবের ইহুদীরা তাকে অবমানকার একটি ডাকনাম প্রদান করে যা ‘হা-মেশোগা’ ({{lang-he|מְשֻׁגָּע}}, "পাগল" বা "যার উপর ভুত ভর করেছে")।<ref name="Stillman">{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|লেখক=[[Norman Stillman|Norman A. Stillman]]|শিরোনাম=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book|ইউআরএল=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA236|বছর=1979|প্রকাশক=Jewish Publication Society|আইএসবিএন=978-0827601987|পাতা=236}}</ref><ref>[[Ibn Warraq]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M8o6UZ37ppUC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism]'', p. 255.</ref><ref>Andrew G. Bostom, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vjFNPT52XjUC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History]'', p. 21.</ref> মধ্যযুগে পশ্চিমা এবং বাইজেন্টাইন অনেক খ্রিস্টান চিন্তাবিদ মুহাম্মদকে বিকৃত, দুর্ভাগ্যজনক মানুষ, ভ্রান্ত ভাবাদর্শে বিশ্বাসী, এমনকি খ্রিস্টের শত্রু হিসাবে বিবেচনা করত।<ref name="Quinn2008">{{বই উদ্ধৃতি |শেষাংশ=Quinn |প্রথমাংশ=Frederick |তারিখ=2008 |শিরোনাম=The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought |অবস্থান=[[New York City|New York]] |প্রকাশক=[[Oxford University Press]] |অধ্যায়=The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600) |পাতাসমূহ=17–54 |আইএসবিএন=978-0195325638}}</ref><ref name="Goddard2000">{{বই উদ্ধৃতি |শেষাংশ=Goddard |প্রথমাংশ=Hugh |তারিখ=2000 |শিরোনাম=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |অবস্থান=[[Edinburgh]] |প্রকাশক=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |অধ্যায়=The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215) |পাতাসমূহ=34–41 |আইএসবিএন=978-1566633406}}</ref><ref name="Curtis2009"/><ref name="John of Damascus">[[John of Damascus]], ''De Haeresibus''. See [[Migne]], ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', Vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. An English translation by the Reverend John W. Voorhis appeared in ''The Moslem World'', October 1954, pp. 392–98.</ref> এদের মধ্যে [[টমাস আকুইনাস]] ইসলামে বর্ণিত [[মৃত্যু পরবর্তী জীবন#ইসলাম|মৃত্যু পরবর্তী জীবনে]] ‘শারীরীক আনন্দের’ ব্যাপারটিকে সমালোচনা করেন।<ref name="Curtis2009">{{Cquote|Criticism by Christians [...] was voiced soon after the advent of Islam starting with [[St. John of Damascus]] in the late seventh century, who wrote of "the [[False prophet#Christianity|false prophet]]", Muhammad. Rivalry, and often enmity, continued between the [[Christendom|European Christian world]] and the [[Muslim world#History|Islamic world]] [...]. For [[Christian theology|Christian theologians]], the "Other" was the infidel, the Muslim. [...] Theological disputes in [[Baghdad]] and [[Damascus]], in the eighth to the tenth century, and in [[Andalusia]] up to the fourteenth century led [[Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]] and [[Church in the Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] theologians and [[Byzantine emperor|rulers]] to continue seeing Islam as a threat. In the twelfth century, [[Peter the Venerable]] [...] who had the [[Quran|Koran]] translated into [[Latin language|Latin]], regarded Islam as a Christian heresy and Muhammad as a sexually self-indulgent and a murderer. [...] However, he called for the [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]], not the extermination, of Muslims. A century later, [[St. Thomas Aquinas]] in ''[[Summa contra Gentiles]]'' accused Muhammad of seducing people by promises of carnal pleasure, uttering truths mingled with many fables and announcing utterly false decisions that had no divine inspiration. Those who followed Muhammad were regarded by Aquinas as brutal, ignorant "beast-like men" and desert wanderers. Through them Muhammad, who asserted he was "sent in the power of arms", forced others to become followers by violence and armed power.|author=Michael Curtis|source=''[https://books.google.it/books?id=liJ_KxAMIJgC&pg=PA31 Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India]'' (2009), p. 31, [[Cambridge University Press]], [[New York City|New York]], {{ISBN|978-0521767255}}.}}</ref>