সেমিনোল: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

আঠারো শতকে ফ্লোরিডায় বসতি স্থাপনকারী বিভিন্ন নেটিভ আমেরিকান গোষ্ঠী থেকে সেমিনোল জাতি নৃগোষ্ঠী আবির্ভূত হয়েছিল, উত্তর মুস্কোইই এমনই একটি উপজাতি বর্তমান জর্জিয়া ও আলাবামার বৃহৎ সংখ্যায় রয়েছে।<ref>Mahon, pp. 183–187.</ref> "সেমিনোল" শব্দটি মুসকোজি শব্দ ''সিমানা-লি (simanó-li)'' থেকে উদ্ভূত হয়েছে, যেটি নিজেই আবার স্প্যানিশ শব্দ ''সিমেরান cimarrón'' থেকে উদ্ভূত হতে পারে বলে মনে করা হয়, যার অর্থ "রানওয়ে" বা "বুনো কোনকিছু"।<ref>Mahon, p. 183.</ref>

 

 

The Seminole became increasingly independent of other Creek groups and established their own identity. They developed a thriving trade network during the [[British Florida|British]] and [[Spanish Florida|second Spanish periods]] (roughly 1767–1821).<ref>Mahon, pp. 187–189.</ref> The tribe expanded considerably during this time, and was further supplemented from the late 18th century by [[free people of color|free blacks]] and escaped slaves who settled near and paid tribute to Seminole towns. The latter became known as [[Black Seminoles]], although they kept their own [[Gullah]] culture.<ref name=Mahon190191>Mahon, pp. 190–191.</ref> After the United States achieved independence, its settlers increased pressure on Seminole lands, leading to the [[Seminole Wars]] (1818–1858). The Seminole were first confined to a large inland reservation by the [[Treaty of Moultrie Creek]] (1823) and then forcibly evicted from Florida by the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] (1832).<ref name=Mahon190191/> By 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles had been [[Indian removal|removed]] to [[Indian Territory]] west of the [[Mississippi River]]. During the [[American Civil War]], most Oklahoma Seminole allied with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], after which they had to sign a new treaty with the U.S., including freedom and tribal membership for the Black Seminole. Today residents of the reservation are enrolled in the federally recognized [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma]], while others belong to unorganized groups.

 

Seminole groups in Oklahoma and Florida had little contact with each other until well into the 20th century, but each developed along similar lines as the groups strived to maintain their culture while they struggled economically. Old crafts and traditions were revived in the mid-20th century as Seminoles began seeking tourism dollars when Americans began to travel more on the country's growing highway system. In the 1970s, Seminole tribes began to run small [[Bingo (U.S.)|bingo]] games on their reservations to raise revenue, winning court challenges to initiate [[Indian gaming]], which many U.S. tribes have adopted to generate revenues for welfare, education, and development. The Seminole Tribe of Florida has been particularly successful with gambling establishments, and in 2007, it purchased the [[Hard Rock Café]] and has rebranded or opened several large gaming resorts under that name.<ref name="hardrock">{{Cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/biz-monday/article79172817.html |title=How the Seminole Tribe came to rock the Hard Rock empire |last=Herrera |first=Chabeli |date=27 May 2016 |work=The Miami Herald}}</ref>

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