ডক্টর (উপাধি): সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা উচ্চতর মোবাইল সম্পাদনা |
ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা উচ্চতর মোবাইল সম্পাদনা |
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৯ নং লাইন:
==সম্মোধন==
যাদের প্রত্যেকেরই একটি ডক্টরাল উপাধি রয়েছে তাদের বেশিরভাগ লোকেদের ডক্টর দ্বারা সম্মোধন করার সময়, কেউ চাইলে "ডিআরএস(Drs)" ব্যবহার করতে পারেন। অথবা অন্য ভাষায় (উদাহরণ - জার্মান) ডিআরইএস (Dres) ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। এর আরো সুস্পষ্ট উদাহরণ হলো- ডক্টর আলামিন এবং ডক্টর সিয়ামের পরিবর্তে ডিআরএস (Drs) ব্যবহার করা যায়। যেমন-(ইংরেজি: Drs.Milon, Drs.Siam) বলা যাবে।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zizonline.com/cbi-programme-is-integral-to-long-term-development-of-st-kitts-and-nevis-pm-harris-says/|title=CBI Programme is integral to long-term development of St. Kitts and Nevis, PM Harris says|quote=Prime Minister Dr. the Honourable Timothy Harris says...|accessdate=16 September 2017|date=25 May 2017|work=ZIZ|publisher=National Broadcasting Corporation of St. Kitts & Nevis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WELCOME REMARKS BY DR. THE HONOURABLE HENRY B. JEFFREY, MINISTER OF FOREIGN TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, GUYANA, AT THE TWENTY-SIXTH MEETING OF THE COUNCIL FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (COTED), 24 NOVEMBER 2008, GEORGETOWN, GUYANA|url=http://caricom.org/media-center/communications/speeches/welcome-remarks-by-dr-the-honourable-henry-b-jeffrey-minister-of-foreign|publisher=[[Caricom]]|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Brief By Premier & Minister Of Finance Dr. The Honourable D. Orlando Smith|url=http://www.bviddm.com/daily-brief-by-premier-minister-of-finance-dr-the-honourable-d-orlando-smith/|publisher=BVI Department of Disaster Management|accessdate=16 September 2017|date=15 September 2017}}</ref>
==বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যবহার==
===এশিয়া===
====বাংলাদেশ====
In [[Bangladesh]], use of the title of Doctor (Dr.) is permitted for Ph.D. degree holders and registered medical practitioners. According to an amendment, universities are allowed to approve or reject any subject proposed for a thesis by a candidate for the degree of "Doctor" in any subject.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=438§ions_id=12823&vol=17&search=Doctor|title= THE RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY ACT, 1973 (ACT NO. XXVI OF 1973). |publisher=Govt. Of The People Republic Of Bangladesh|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2016}} For registered medical practitioners, only MBBS and BDS degree holders are allowed to use the title "Dr." and be called "Medical Doctors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_all_sections.php?id=1065|title=Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council Act, 2010. |language=Bengali |at=29 |publisher=Govt. Of The People Republic Of Bangladesh|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> Registered veterinary practitioners may use the title "Dr." after earning the "Doctor of Veterinary Medicine" (DVM) degree. However, Registered Homeopath practitioners also use the title "Dr." even though, according to Homeopathic Practitioners Ordinance 1983, they are only permitted to use "Homeopath".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_all.php?id=649|title=THE BANGLADESH HOMOEOPATHIC PRACTITIONERS ORDINANCE, 1983 (ORDINANCE NO. XLI OF 1983). |publisher=Govt. Of The People Republic Of Bangladesh|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> Currently, Physiotherapy has no separate council and no authorized act at present permits the use of the prefix "Dr." for physiotherapist. According to Bangladesh Unani & Ayurvedic Practitioners Ordinance 1983, practitioners of the Unani system are called “Tabib” or “Hakim” and are strictly prohibited from using the title "Dr."; similarly, practitioners of Ayurvedic system are called “Vaid” or “Kabiraj” and are also strictly prohibited from using "Dr.".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/print_sections_all.php?id=645 |title=BANGLADESH UNANI AND AYURVEDIC PRACTITIONERS ORDINANCE, 1983 (ORDINANCE NO. XXXII OF 1983) |publisher=Govt. Of The People Republic Of Bangladesh |accessdate=16 December 2016 }}</ref> Currently, medical practitioners having MBBS degree or dental surgeons having BDS are legally permitted to use "Dr." prefix. Using "Dr." for other medical practitioners remains controversial.
==== হং কং ====
[[Hong Kong]] follows British practice in calling physicians "Doctor" even though many of them hold only a degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB). An attempt by their professional body to prevent [[chiropractors]] from calling themselves "Doctor" failed in the courts, in part because it was pointed out that practicing chiropractors may hold an academic doctorate in their discipline, and it would be anomalous to prevent them using the title when holders of doctorates in non-medical disciplines faced no such restriction.
====ভারত====
In [[India]], professional practitioners in the fields of medicine, dentistry, [[ayurveda]], [[unani]], [[siddha]], and homeopathy, as well as physiotherapists and pharmacists, use the title Dr. The usage by physiotherapists and pharmacists is legally disputed, and courts in Madras have also ruled against its use by practitioners of ayurveda and siddha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Govt-in-a-fix-over-the-doctor-prefix/articleshow/5328503.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|title=Govt in a fix over the doctor prefix|date=12 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/dr-dhruva-prasaf/physiotherapists-continue-to-put-dr-prefix-illegally-4559/|title=Physiotherapists continue to put ‘Dr’ prefix illegally|author= Dhruva Prasad|date=9 July 2019|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Can physiotherapists be called doctors?
|date=30 August 2019 |author= Shipra Suman|url=https://www.shiksha.com/medicine-health-sciences/articles/can-physiotherapists-be-called-a-doctor-what-does-the-law-say-blogId-23049|work=Shiksa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.healthissuesindia.com/2019/06/07/supreme-court-could-hear-pharmacy-council-fight-over-use-of-the-title-doctor/|title=Supreme Court could hear Pharmacy Council fight over use of the title doctor
|date=7 June 2019 |author=Kerean Watts|work=Health Issues India}}</ref> The title is also used by holders of PhDs and other academic research doctorates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pharm D degree holders can use ‘Dr’ prefix|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/69528007.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=28 May 2019|author=Chaitanya Deshpande}}</ref>
====ইন্দোনেশিয়া====
The Indonesian titles "dr." is used in front of the name of medical doctor who holds a specification as general practitioner, also when the doctor already holds his specialization to ___, such as "Sp.THT" or "Spesialis Telinga, Hidung, Tenggorokan" (ENT or Ear, Nose, and Throat Specialist).
Dr. is used in front of the name as the title "Doktor" for doctorate title, the same level as Ph.D. title.
====পাকিস্তান====
In [[Pakistan]], the title of Doctor (Dr.) can be used by [[Ph.D.]] degree holders as well as medical, dental and veterinary doctors with [[MBBS]], [[dental degree|BDS]] and [[veterinary education|DVM]] degrees respectively. Usage by [[pharmacists]] and [[physiotherapists]] with [[PharmD]] and [[doctor of physical therapy|DPT]] degrees respectively is disputed, with the [[Pakistan Medical and Dental Council]] saying they should not use the title, but the [[Pharmacy Council of Pakistan]] (the regulatory body for pharmacists) and the [[Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Higher Education Commission]] permitting and encouraging its use.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1198927|title=PMDC divests pharmacists, physios of doctor title|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Asif Chaudhry|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>
====ফিলিপ্পিনেস====
In the [[Philippines]], titles and names of occupations usually follow [[Spanish language|Spanish]] naming conventions which utilize gender-specific terms. "''Doktór''" is the masculine form, which retains the abbreviation ''Dr.''; the feminine form is "''Doktóra''", and is abbreviated usually as "''Dra.''"; others, however, some being [[English language|Anglophones]] who wish to sound modern and Westernised (or were raised in an almost exclusively English-speaking family environment), or some who advocate gender equality, would dispense with the distinction altogether. There does exist in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] an equivalent, gender-neutral term for the professional that carries the more general notion of "healer", traditional (for example, an ''[[albularyo|albuláryo]]'') or otherwise: ''manggagámot''.
===শ্রীলঙ্কা====
In [[Sri Lanka]] the title doctor "Dr." is used for both physicians (including dentists and veterinarians) and Ph.D. holders. However, when addressing in native [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] a physician is addressed as "Vaidya" (වෛද්ය) or "Dosthara" (දොස්තර) while a Ph.D. holder is addressed as "Aacharya" (ආචාර්ය).
====থাইল্যান্ড====
The usage of Doctor (ดอกเตอร์) or Dr (ดร.) has been borrowed from English. It can be seen as a title in academic circles and in the mass media. In contrast to other academic titles (Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor), the use of Doctor as a title has not been recognized by the [[Royal Institute of Thailand]]. Therefore, this title, in theory, cannot be used officially. For example, in court of justice where strictly formal Thai language is used, Dr cannot be mentioned as a person's title.
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
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