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অ্যালুমিনিয়াম: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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বট
১,৯৬,০১৪টি সম্পাদনা
অ বট নিবন্ধ পরিষ্কার করেছে। কোন সমস্যায় এর পরিচালককে জানান।
১ নং লাইন:
{{কাজ চলছে/২০১৯}}'''অ্যালুমিনিয়াম''' একটি মৌলিক পদার্থ যার [[প্রতীকের ভিত্তিতে মৌলসমূহের তালিকা|প্রতীক]] Al এবং [[পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা]] ১৩। এটি বোরন গ্রুপের সদস্য যার রং ধূসর সাদা; গঠনে কোমল, অচৌম্বকীয় এবং যথেষ্ট সংকোচন-প্রসারণক্ষম। ভর অনুপাতে ভূ-পৃষ্ঠের ৮ শতাংশ অ্যালুমিনিয়াম। অক্সিজেন ও সিলিকনের পর ভূ-পৃষ্ঠের মৌল হিসেবে এর অবস্থান ৩য়, যদিও ভূপৃষ্ঠের গভীরে নগন্য মাত্রায় বিদ্যমান। এর প্রধান আকরিক হল [[বক্সাইট]]। রাসায়নিকভাবে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম খুবই সক্রিয় বলে তীব্র বিজারনীয় পরিবেশ ছাড়া একে বিশুদ্ধ অবস্থায় পাওয়া যায় না। একারণে ২৭০ ধরণের ভিন্ন পদার্থে এর উপস্থিতি রয়েছে।
 
এটি বেশ হালকা ও দীর্ঘদিন ব্যবহারে অক্ষয়িষ্ণু। একারণে এর বহুবিধ ব্যবহার লক্ষ্য করা যায়। মহাকাশীয় যন্ত্রপাতি, যানবাহন ও নির্মানকাজে (জানালার কাঠামো, আংটা ইত্যাদি) অ্যালুমিনিয়াম ও এর সংকর ধাতুসমূহের বহুল ব্যবহার লক্ষনীয়। এর অক্সাইড ও সালফেটসমূহ সবচেয়ে বেশি ব্যবহৃত যৌগ। কোন জীবন্ত প্রাণী তাদের জৈবিক কার্যাবলিতে অ্যালুমিনিয়ামের লবণ ব্যবহার না করলেও মাটিতে প্রচুর পরিমাণে থাকায় উদ্ভিদসমূহে তাদের ভূমিকা রয়েছে। উদ্ভিদে এর ক্রিয়াবলি নিয়ে উপর্যুপরি গবেষণা চলছে।
৯ নং লাইন:
অ্যালুমিনিয়ামের সর্বপ্রথম ব্যবহার পাওয়া যায় খ্রিষ্টপূর্ব ৫ম শতকে। ফিটকিরি হিসেবে প্রাচীন গ্রীসে এর ব্যবহার ছিল এই মর্মে গ্রীক দার্শনিক [[হিরোডোটাস]] থেকে উদ্ধৃতি পাওয়া যায়। ক্রুসেডের পর ইউরোপের বস্ত্রশিল্পে ফিটকিরির গুরুত্ব তৈরি হয়। আন্তর্জাতিক বাণিজ্যেও এটি তখন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পণ্য হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয়। ১৫৩০ সালের দিকে সুইস চিকিৎসক [[পারাসেলসাস]] ভূপৃষ্ঠে এর উপস্থিতি সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করেন। ১৫৯৫ সালে জার্মান রসায়নবিদ [[আন্দ্রেস লিবাভিয়াস]] পরীক্ষার মাধ্যমে এর সত্যতা নিরুপণ করেন।
 
১৭৬০ সালের দিকে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম উৎপাদন নিয়ে প্রথম কাজ শুরু হয়। যদিও এর বেশ পরে ১৮২৪ সালে [[ওলন্দাজ]] রসায়নবিদ [[হান্স ক্রিশ্চিয়ান ওরস্টেড]] প্রথম একাজে সাফল্য লাভ করেন। ১৮২৭ সালে আরেক জার্মান বিজ্ঞানী [[ফ্রিডরিক ভোলার]] ওরস্টেডের পরীক্ষাটি বিশদভাবে আবার পরিচালনা করেন এবং ১৮৪৫ প্রথম অ্যালুমিনিয়ামের ন্যায় ভৌত ধর্ম বিশিষ্ট কিছু টুকরো আবিষ্কারে সক্ষম হন। এর বহুপরে তাকেই অ্যালুমিনিয়ামের আবিষ্কারকের মর্যাদা দেয়া হয়। ভোলারের পদ্ধতিটি বাণিজ্যিকভাবে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম উৎপাদনে ফল্প্রসু ছিল না।
 
১৮৮৬ সালে ফরাসি প্রকৌশলী [[পল হেরোল্ট]] এবং আমেরিকান প্রকৌশলী [[চার্লস মার্টিন হোল]] আলাদা আলাদাভাবে লাভবান উপায়ে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম উৎপাদন পদ্ধতি আবিষ্কার করেন। ১৮৮৯ সালে অস্ট্রিয়ান বিজ্ঞানী [[কার্ল জোসেফ বেয়ার]] [[বক্সাইট]] পরিশোধন করে অনুরুপ লাভবান একটি কৌশল আবিষ্কার করেন। আধুনিক পদ্ধতিগুলো ২ দুই ব্যবস্থার উপর ভিত্তিতেই প্রতিষ্ঠিত। বিংশ শতকের মাঝামাঝি গৃহস্থালীর ব্যবহার্য তৈজসপত্র তৈরিতে এর বহুমাত্রিক ব্যবহার জনপ্রিয়তা পেতে শুরু করে।
 
=== উৎপাদন ===
১৭ নং লাইন:
 
==== বেয়ার প্রণালী ====
এ পদ্ধতিতে বক্সাইটকে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম অক্সাইডে পরিণত করা হয়। প্রথমে বক্সাইটকে বিগলিত করা হয়। এরপর তাকে সোডিয়াম হাইড্রক্সাইডের গরম দ্রবণে মিশ্রিত করা হয়। তারপর একটি ডাইজেস্টার পাত্রে উচ্চ চাপ প্রয়োগ করলে অ্যালুমিনিয়াম হাইড্রক্সাইড পাওয়া যায় এবং অপদ্রব্যগুলো অদ্রবণীয় হয়ে আলাদা হয়ে যায়।
 
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>−</sup> → Na<sup>+</sup> + [Al(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup>
৪০ নং লাইন:
 
=== তথ্যসূত্র ===
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