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আ হ ম সাকিব (আলোচনা | অবদান) ব্যবহারকারী:আ হ ম সাকিব-এ পাতা স্থানান্তর। ট্যাগ: খালি করা মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা |
আ হ ম সাকিব (আলোচনা | অবদান) বিষয়বস্তু যোগ ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা |
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{{Infobox person
|name = মুহাম্মাদ আল-জাওয়াহিরি
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}<ref name="bro">[[Ayman al-Zawahiri|Zawahiri, Zayman al-]]. [[As-Sahab]], [http://www.lauramansfield.com/OpenMeetingZawahiri_Part%201.pdf The Open Meeting with Al-Zawahiri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326081547/http://www.lauramansfield.com/OpenMeetingZawahiri_Part%201.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }}, 2008</ref>
|birth_place = [[Dokki]], [[Giza]], [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/105419/news/zawahry-67-others-referred-to-criminal-court|title=Zawahry, 67 others referred to criminal court|agency=Cairo Post|date=7 April 2014|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>
}}
'''Muhammad Rabee al-Zawahiri''' (born 1953)<ref name="bro"/> is an Egyptian [[Islamist]] who was a member of [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] and one of 14 people subjected to [[extraordinary rendition]] by the [[CIA]] prior to the 2001 [[War on Terror]].<ref>[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]], [http://motherjones.com/politics/2008/03/disappearing-act-rendition-numbers Disappearing Act: Rendition by the Numbers], 3 March 2008</ref> He is the younger brother of [[Al Qaeda]] leader [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]].
==Early life==
A 1974 graduate of the engineering college at [[Cairo University]],<ref name="bro"/><ref name="hrw">[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/egypt0505/6.htm Chapter VI: Muhammad al-Zawahiri and Hussain al-Zawahiri]</ref> al-Zawahiri moved to [[Saudi Arabia]] and took work with a construction firm.<ref name="hrw"/>
In 1981, his name was among those indicted [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] for the assassination of [[Anwar Sadat]] after his brother implicated him in recruiting the Egyptians [[Mustafa Kamel Mustafa]] and [[Abdel Hadi al-Tunsi]] while living in Saudi Arabia,<ref name="zay">[[Montasser al-Zayat|al-Zayat, Montasser]], "The Road to al-Qaeda", 2002</ref> but he was found not guilty of the charge.<ref name="hrw"/><ref name="zay"/> He joined the [[World Islamic Relief Organization]], and traveled to Indonesia, Bosnia and Malawi where he helped build schools and medical clinics.<ref name="hrw"/>
Married with 6 kids, al-Zawahiri moved to Yemen with his family, and then joined his older brother in [[Khartoum]], where [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad|al-Jihad]] had begun to congregate. But after the group was forced to leave following the execution of the teenaged son of [[Ahmad Salama Mabruk]], Ayman went to Afghanistan while Muhammad took his family back to Yemen and began working with engineering contractors.<ref name="hrw"/>
==Arrest==
al-Zawahiri's Yemeni contractor work saw him frequently travel to the [[United Arab Emirates]], but following his [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] conviction in the [[Returnees from Albania]] trial, he was arrested in March or April 1999 and [[Extraordinary rendition|renditioned]] to Cairo.<ref name="hrw"/><ref name="mzlives"/> Here he was accused of conspiring with [[Khaled Abdul Samee]].<ref name="zay"/>
His wife didn't contact the Egyptian embassy in Sanaa until October, and they confirmed his arrest. She was granted permission to return to Cairo with the children herself, and was detained and interrogated for three days before being released.<ref name="hrw"/>
al-Zawahiri's younger brother Hussain was arrested while driving to work, while working at ''Multidiscovery'', a Malaysian construction firm in late 1999 in a joint operation involving the [[CIA]], Egyptian intelligence and Malaysian security forces.<ref name="hrw"/>
==Captivity==
For several years, no news was released on al-Zawahiri and his family presumed he had been executed in accordance with the sentence from the trial. In October 2001, the United States requested a sample of his [[DNA]] to match against bodies found in Afghan caves hoping to identify one of the bodies as belonging to his older brother.<ref name="hrw"/>
In February 2004, the [[al-Sharq al-Awsat]] newspaper announced that they had discovered he was still alive and being held in the [[Tora prison]], which was confirmed the following month by the Egyptian [[Ministry of the Interior]], who also stated that he could be visited by his family in March.<ref name="hrw"/> It was alleged that he had been beaten and tortured for nearly five years by the [[Egyptian General Intelligence Service|Mukhabarat]], Egypt's intelligence service. Egypt announced they were re-convening a new tribunal to look at his case.<ref name="hrw"/>
In July 2006, lawyer [[Mamdouh Ismail]] reported about an individual with the alias '''Sharif Hazaa''' ({{lang|ar|شريف هزاع}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Šarīf Hazāʿ}})'', whom he believed to be the al-Zawahiris' associate [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/07/20084101201952853.html "Zarqawi successor 'in Egypt jail'"] al-Jazeera, 6 July 2006</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5153364.stm "Iraq al-Qaeda chief jail mystery"] BBC, 6 July 2006</ref> The further fate of al-Masri conflicts with Ismail's assessment, and it may be that "Hazaa" was actually Muhammad al-Zawahiri (or some other Returnee from Albania prisoner).
In April 2007, he and other Islamists pushed for a review of their sentences and sought [[Commutation of sentence|commutation]] based on revising their previously-held beliefs in the necessity of terrorism. He was represented by lawyer [[Montasser el-Zayat]].<ref name="mzlives">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,267422,00.html Top Al Qaeda Ideolgue and Zawahiri's Brother to Denounce Violence], [[Associated Press|AP]], 20 April 2007</ref>
==Release==
In March 2011, he was released from prison in Egypt, but quickly re-arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt rearrests Zawahiri's brother after release|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/20/us-egypt-zawahiri-idUSTRE72J1FQ20110320|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=24 June 2011|date=20 March 2011}}</ref> He was subsequently re-tried in an Egyptian military court on terrorism charges and acquitted of all charges, and was released in March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt acquits Qaeda leader brother, others in retrial|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL6E8EJ6LM20120319|publisher=Reuters|date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
In September 2012, Zawahiri offered to mediate a 10-year [[hudna]] between [[Islamists]] and the [[Western world]], in return the United States and the West would stop intervening in [[Muslim lands]], stop interfering in Muslim education, end the so-called '[[war on Islam]]' and release all Islamist prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Al Qaeda leader's brother offers peace plan|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-09-10/middleeast/world_meast_zawahiri-peace-plan_1_zawahiri-islamists-al-qaeda-leader|publisher=CNN|date=10 September 2012}}</ref>
In an interview which aired on Egypt's CBC TV on October 4, 2012 (as translated by [[MEMRI]]), Al-Zawahiri denied "belong[ing] to Al-Qaeda or any other organization" but stated that "ideologically speaking, I am in agreement with all these organizations. Our common denominator is the Islamic shari'a." Regarding Israel and Jews, Al-Zawahiri declared that "Fighting Israel, fighting the Jews is a religious duty incumbent upon all. The Egyptian government should have been fighting the Jewish enemy...This is a religious duty incumbent upon all Muslims."<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/3611.htm Egyptian Salafist Muhammad Al-Zawahiri, Brother of Al-Qaeda Leader: We Don't Recognize Elections or President Morsi; Calls for Jihad against the Jews], MEMRITV, Clip No. 3611 (transcript), 4 October 2012.</ref>
==Later activities==
Muhammad al-Zawahiri was involved in the organization of the 11 September 2012 protest at the United States embassy in [[Cairo]].
<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/10/al_qaeda-linked_jiha.php|title=Al Qaeda-linked jihadists helped incite 9/11 Cairo protest|first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |publisher=The Long War Journal|date=26 October 2013|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref>
On 18 January 2013, he organized a protest outside France's embassy in Cairo against [[Operation Serval|French intervention in Mali]]. He described France's military actions as "threatening of the return of French colonialism on Arab and Islamic peoples" and stated that France was at war with Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Jan-18/202821-brother-of-qaeda-chief-at-cairo-anti-france-demo.ashx#axzz2I4|title=Brother of Al-Qaeda chief at Cairo anti-France demo|publisher=AFP|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref>
In August 2013, in the wake of the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|overthrow of President Morsi]], Zawahiri was arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/jihadi-mohamed-al-zawahiri-arrested|title=Jihadi Mohamed al-Zawahiri arrested|work=Egypt Independent|date=17 August 2013|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> In April 2014 Zawahiri, with 67 others, was charged with forming a terrorist group and seeking to undermine security across Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Apr-06/252471-egypt-to-try-qaeda-head-zawahiris-brother.ashx|title=The brother of Qaeda chief Zawahiri to stand trial in Egypt|publisher=AFP|date=6 April 2014|accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref>
On 17 March 2016, Zawahiri was released from prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/03/ayman-al-zawahiris-brother-released-from-an-egyptian-prison.php|title=Ayman al Zawahiri’s brother released from Egyptian prison - The Long War Journal|publisher=}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{al-Jihad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zawahiri, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Egyptian Islamic Jihad]]
[[Category:Egyptian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Egyptian torture victims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]
[[Category:People subject to extraordinary rendition by the United States]]
[[Category:Salafi jihadists]]
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