সমকামিতা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
Lazy-restless (আলোচনা | অবদান) |
Lazy-restless (আলোচনা | অবদান) |
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৩৩৯ নং লাইন:
|archivedate=13 July 2007
|accessdate=10 September 2007}}</ref> ব্যাগমিলের বক্তব্য অনুযায়ী, "পূর্বে অধিকাংশ বৈজ্ঞানিক সম্প্রদায় ও সমাজ যতটুকু স্বীকার করতে চাইত, প্রাণিজগৎ এই কাজটি তারচেয়েও ব্যাপক যৌন বিচিত্রের সঙ্গে করে থাকে - যার অন্তর্ভুক্ত হল সমকামী, উভকামী এবং অ-প্রজননশীল যৌনতা।"<ref>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |title=Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly |publisher=Publishersweekly.com |accessdate=2 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120729131204/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}</ref>
<!-- ==Health==
{{further|Lesbian#Health}}
===Physical===
[[File:MSM Blood Donation Map New.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men
{{legend|LightGreen|Men who have sex with men may donate blood; '''No deferral'''}}
{{legend|Lime|Men who have sex with men may donate blood; '''No deferral, except for blood transfusions'''<sup>1</sup>}}
{{legend|Khaki|Men who have sex with men may donate blood; '''Temporary deferral'''<sup>1</sup>}}
{{legend|Salmon|Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; '''Permanent deferral'''<sup>1</sup>}}
{{legend|#CCCCCC|No Data}}
<sup>1</sup>No restriction in Israel, Belgium and the United States of America if last MSM activity was before 1977.]]
The terms "[[men who have sex with men]]" (MSM) and "[[women who have sex with women]]" (WSW) refer to people who engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex regardless of how they identify themselves—as many choose not to accept [[identity (social science)|social identities]] as lesbian, gay and bisexual.<ref name=msmafrica>{{cite web|url=http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?id=5208&nex=5 |title=MSM in Africa: highly stigmatized, vulnerable and in need of urgent HIV prevention |publisher=Aidsportal.org |accessdate=24 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713125016/http://www.aidsportal.org/News_Details.aspx?ID=5208 |archivedate=13 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=UNAIDS1>{{cite web
|title=UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men
|publisher=UNAIDS
|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp
|format=asp
|accessdate=24 July 2008
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618190907/http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/MenSexMen/default.asp
|archivedate=18 June 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref><ref name=TGHIVINF>{{cite web
|last=Greenwood
|first=Cseneca
|author2=Mario Ruberte
|title=African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)
|publisher=East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center
|date=9 April 2004
|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt
|format=ppt
|accessdate=24 July 2008
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910171338/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/African_American_Transgenders_and_HIV.ppt
|archivedate=10 September 2008
|df=
}}</ref><ref name=MSTSW>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J |title=Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention |journal=AIDS Behav |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17705095 |doi=10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y}}</ref><ref name=TGMSMNET>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Operario D, Burton J |title=HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=317–20 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10858008 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4915a1.htm}}</ref> These terms are often used in medical literature and [[social research]] to describe such groups for study, without needing to consider the issues of sexual self-identity. The terms are seen as problematic by some, however, because they "obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior".<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young RM, Meyer IH |title=The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=1144–9 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15961753 |pmc=1449332 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714}}</ref>
In contrast to its benefits, sexual behavior can be a [[Vector (epidemiology)|disease vector]]. [[Safe sex]] is a relevant [[harm reduction]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html |publisher=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]] |date=23 April 1998 |accessdate=11 July 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927063228/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/std-mts/std511_e.html |archivedate=27 September 2006 }}</ref> Many countries [[Gay male blood donor controversy|currently prohibit men who have sex with men from donating blood]]; the policy of the [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] states that "they are, as a group, at increased risk for [[HIV]], [[hepatitis B]] and certain other infections that can be transmitted by transfusion."<ref name=Blood>{{cite web|author=Cber / Fda |url=http://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm |title=FDA Policy on Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men |publisher=Web.archive.org |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035223/http://www.fda.gov/cber/faq/msmdonor.htm |archivedate = 11 October 2007}}</ref>
====Public health====
These [[safe sex|safer sex]] recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for women who have sex with women to avoid [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs):
* Avoid contact with a partner's menstrual blood and with any visible genital lesions.
* Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one person's vagina or anus with a new [[condom]] for each person; consider using different toys for each person.
* Use a barrier (e.g., latex sheet, [[dental dam]], cut-open condom, plastic wrap) during oral sex.
* Use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any manual sex that might cause bleeding.<ref name=mravack>Mravack, Sally A. (July 2006)."Primary Care for Lesbians and Bisexual Women", ''American Family Physician'' '''74''' (2) p. 279–286.</ref>
These safer sex recommendations are agreed upon by public health officials for men who have sex with men to avoid sexually transmitted infections:
* Avoid contact with a partner's bodily fluids and with any visible genital lesions.
* Use [[condom]]s for [[anal sex|anal]] and [[oral sex]].
* Use a barrier (e.g., latex sheet, [[dental dam]], cut-open condom) during [[Anilingus|anal–oral sex]].
* Cover sex toys that penetrate more than one person with a new condom for each person; consider using different toys for each person and use latex or vinyl gloves and lubricant for any sex that might cause bleeding.<ref>Catalyst, Sr. Kitty, Staff of [[San Francisco]] City Clinic; "Reading This Might Save Your Ass"; 2001, San Francisco HIV Prevention and STD Prevention and Control.</ref><ref>Men Like Us: The GMHC Complete Guide to Gay Men's Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Well-being; Wolfe, Daniel; Gay Men's Health Crisis, Inc; Published by Ballantine Books, 2000; {{ISBN|0-345-41496-9}}, 9780345414960.</ref>
===Mental===
When it was first described in medical literature, homosexuality was often approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as its root cause. Much literature on mental health and homosexual patients centered on their [[Clinical depression|depression]], [[substance abuse]], and suicide. Although these issues exist among people who are [[non-heterosexual]], discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual]] (DSM) in 1973. Instead, social ostracism, legal discrimination, internalization of negative stereotypes, and limited support structures indicate factors homosexual people face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health.<ref>
Schlager, Neil, ed. (1998). ''Gay & Lesbian Almanac''. St. James Press. {{ISBN|1-55862-358-2}}, p. 152.</ref>
Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination stemming from negative societal attitudes toward homosexuality lead to a higher prevalence of mental health disorders among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals compared to their heterosexual peers.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Ilan Meyer|Meyer, Ilan H.]] |title=Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=674–97 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12956539 |pmc=2072932 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674}}</ref> Evidence indicates that the liberalization of these attitudes over the 1990s through the 2010s is associated with a decrease in such mental health risks among younger LGBT people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/cums-bgm100207.php |title=Black gay men, lesbians, have fewer mental disorders than whites, says Mailman School of PH study |publisher=Eurekalert.org |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref>
===Gay and lesbian youth===
{{See also|Suicide among LGBT youth}}
Gay and lesbian youth bear an increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, school problems, and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers".<ref name=dhhs>{{citation |title=Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide |editor-first=Marcia R. |editor-last= Fenleib |year=1989 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |isbn=0-16-002508-7 |last=Gibson |first=P. |contribution=Gay and Lesbian Youth Suicide}}</ref> Further, LGBT youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are that (1) LGBT youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their [[sexual orientation profiling|perceived sexual orientation]] or gender non-conforming appearance, and (2) that "risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf |title=Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings |first=Kimberly F. |last=Balsam |author2=Esther D. Rothblum |date=June 2005 |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=477–487 |format=PDF |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311233920/http://www.apa.org/journals/features/ccp733477.pdf |archivedate=11 March 2007 |doi=10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477 |pmid=15982145}}</ref> A 2008 study showed a correlation between the degree of rejecting behavior by parents of LGB adolescents and negative health problems in the teenagers studied:
{{quote|Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection.<ref>{{Cite journal
|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3524
|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/123/1/346
|title=Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults
|first=Caitlin
|last=Ryan
|journal=Pediatrics
|author2=[[David Huebner]]
|author3=Rafael M. Diaz
|author4=Jorge Sanchez
|date=January 2009
|publisher=Pediatrics
|volume=123
|issue=1
|pages=346–352
|pmid=19117902
|ref=harv}}</ref>}}
Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults.<ref name=suicideorg>{{citation |title=Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Suicide|url=http://www.suicide.org/gay-and-lesbian-suicide.html |first=Kevin |last=Caruso |periodical=Suicide.org |accessdate=4 May 2007}}</ref> [[The Trevor Project]], a suicide prevention helpline for gay youth, was established following the 1998 airing on HBO of the [[Academy Award]] winning short film ''[[Trevor (film)|Trevor]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/07/02/trevor.project/index.html | title=24-hour help for gay youth | work=CNN | date=2 July 2008 | accessdate=26 July 2015 | author=Wilson, Jacque}}</ref>
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== আরও দেখুন ==
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