আভার ভাষা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{কাজ চলছে/২০১৮}} ট্যাগ: ২০১৭ উৎস সম্পাদনা |
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই ট্যাগ: ২০১৭ উৎস সম্পাদনা |
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১ নং লাইন:
{{কাজ চলছে/২০১৮}}
{{About|the Avar language|the Avar people|Avars (Caucasus)}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Avar
| altname = Avaric
| nativename = '''Магӏарул мацӏ''', '''Авар мацӏ'''<br />''Maⱨarul maⱬ'', ''Avar maⱬ''
| states = [[Russia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Turkey]]
| ethnicity = [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|761,960|2}}
| date = 2010
| ref = e18
| refname = Avar
| familycolor = Caucasian
| fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
| fam2 = [[Avar–Andic languages|Avar–Andic]]
| script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] <small>(current)</small> <br />[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]]<small>(historical)</small>
| nation = [[Dagestan]] ([[Russia]])
| iso1 = av
| iso1comment = – Avaric
| iso2 = ava
| iso2comment = – Avaric
| lc1 = ava
| ld1 = Avaric
| lc2 = oav
| ld2 = Old Avar
| linglist = ava
| lingname = – Avar
| linglist2 = oav
| lingname2 = – Old Avar
| glotto = avar1256
| glottorefname = Avar
| notice = IPA
}}
'''Avar'''<ref name="e18" /><ref name="Glottolog" /> (self-designation Магӏарул мацӏ ''Maⱨarul maⱬ'' {{IPA|[maʕarul mat͡sʼ]}} "language of the mountains" or Авар мацӏ ''Avar maⱬ'' {{IPA|[awar mat͡sʼ]}} "Avar language"), also known as '''Avaric''',<ref name="ISO 639-2/RA">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=35 |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ava |publisher=ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress |access-date=2017-07-05 |quote=Name: Avaric}}</ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA">{{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ava |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ava |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International |access-date=2017-07-05 |quote=Name: Avaric}}</ref> is a language that belongs to the [[Avar–Andic languages|Avar–Andic]] group of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] family.
==Geographic distribution==
It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of [[Dagestan]], and the [[Balaken]], [[Zaqatala Rayon|Zaqatala]] regions of north-western [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name="e18" /> Some [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]] live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of [[Chechnya]] and [[Kalmykia]]; in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Jordan]], and the [[Marmara Sea]] region of [[Turkey]]. It is spoken by about 762,000 people worldwide. [[UNESCO]] classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1069.html|publisher=[[UNESCO]] | accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref>
==Status==
It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic groups.
==Dialects==
There are two main dialect groups:{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} the northern, which includes [[Khunzakh]], [[Kazbek]], [[Gunib dialect|Gunib]], [[Gumbet]] and others;{{Which|date=January 2010}} and the southern, which includes [[Andalal]], [[Gidatl']], [[Antsukh]], [[Charoda dialect|Charoda]], [[Tlyarata]], [[Tsumada]], [[Tsunta]] and others.{{Which|date=January 2010}}
==Morphology==
Avar is an [[agglutinative]] language, of [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] order.
[[Adverb]]s do not inflect, outside of inflection for [[noun class]] in some adverbs of place: e.g. the {{IPA|/b/}} in {{IPA|/ʒani-b/}} "inside" and {{IPA|/t͡se-b-e/}} "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish [[locative]], [[allative]], and [[ablative]] forms suffixally, such as {{IPA|/ʒani-b/}} "inside", {{IPA|/ʒani-b-e/}} "to the inside", and {{IPA|/ʒani-sa/}} "from the inside". {{IPA|/-go/}} is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives.
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Avar<ref name="TITUS">[http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN1 Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA]</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="4" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- class="small"
! colspan="2" | central
! colspan="2" | [[lateral consonant|lateral]]
|- class="small"
! lenis
! [[fortis and lenis|fortis]]
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
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|
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|
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|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|d}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|
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|-
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|t}}
|
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|
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|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kː}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|tʼ}}
|
|
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|
| {{IPA|kʼ}}
| {{IPA|kːʼ}}
|
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|-
! rowspan="2" | [[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|t͡s}}
| {{IPA|t͡sː}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃː}}
|
| {{IPA|t͡ɬː}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|q͡χː}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|t͡sʼ}}
| {{IPA|t͡sːʼ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃːʼ}}
|
| {{IPA|(t͡ɬːʼ)}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|q͡χːʼ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|sː}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʃː}}
| {{IPA|[[ɬ]]}}
| {{IPA|ɬː}}
|
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|xː}}
| {{IPA|χ}}
| {{IPA|χː}}
| {{IPA|ʜ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʁ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʕ}}
| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
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|-
! colspan="2" | [[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
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| {{IPA|l}}
|
| {{IPA|j}}
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|}
There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ː}}}}. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as [[fortis and lenis]].{{cn|date=October 2015}} The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. {{IPA|[tsː]}} (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian {{IPA|[tːs]}} (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. {{IPA|t͡ɬː}} as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence {{IPA|/t͡ɬɬ/}} ({{IPA|/t<sup>ɬ</sup>ɬ/}}).<ref>Laver (1994) ''Principles of Phonetics'' p. 371.</ref> Avar has five vowels, /a, e, i, o, u/.
==Writing system==
The Avar language has been written since the 15th century, in the old [[Georgian alphabet]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} From the 17th century onwards it was written in an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] known as ''[[ajam]]'', which is still known today.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current [[Cyrillic script]]. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called ''[[palochka]]'' (''stick'', Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common [[keyboard layout]]s, it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter ''I'', small Latin letter ''l'' or the digit ''1''.
==Orthography==
The Avar language is usually written in the [[Cyrillic script]]. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in [[IPA]] transcription):<ref name="TITUS">[http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN1 Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA]</ref><ref name="Omniglot">[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/avar.htm Omniglot on the Avar alphabet, language and pronunciation]</ref>
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:5em;" | А а <br /> /a/
| style="width:5em;" | Б б <br /> /b/
| style="width:5em;" | В в <br /> /w/
| style="width:5em;" | Г г <br /> /ɡ/
| style="width:5em;" | Гъ гъ <br /> /ʁ/
| style="width:5em;" | Гь гь <br /> /h/
| style="width:5em;" | ГӀ гӏ <br /> /ʕ/
| style="width:5em;" | Д д <br /> /d/
|-
| Е е <br /> /e/, /je/
| Ё ё <br /> /jo/
| Ж ж <br /> /ʒ/
| З з <br /> /z/
| И и <br /> /i/
| Й й <br /> /j/
| К к <br /> /k/
| Къ къ <br /> /q͡χːʼ/
|-
| Кь кь <br /> /t͡ɬːʼ/
| КӀ кӏ <br /> /kʼ/
| КӀкӏ кӏкӏ <br /> /kːʼ/
| Кк кк <br /> /kː/
| Л л <br /> /l/
| ЛӀ лӏ <br /> /t͡ɬː/
| Лъ лъ <br /> /ɬ/
| Лълъ лълъ <br /> /ɬː/
|-
| М м <br /> /m/
| Н н <br /> /n/
| О о <br /> /o/
| П п <br /> /p/
| Р р <br /> /r/
| С с <br /> /s/
| Сс сс <br /> /sː/
| Т т <br /> /t/
|-
| ТӀ тӏ <br /> /tʼ/
| У у <br /> /u/
| Ф ф <br /> /f/
| Х х <br /> /χ/
| Хх хх <br /> /χː/
| Хъ хъ <br /> /q͡χː/
| Хь хь <br /> /x/
| Хьхь хьхь <br /> /xː/
|-
| ХӀ хӏ <br /> /ħ/
| Ц ц <br /> /t͡s/
| Цц цц <br /> /t͡sː/
| ЦӀ цӏ <br /> /t͡sʼ/
| ЦӀцӏ цӏцӏ <br /> /t͡sːʼ/
| Ч ч <br /> /t͡ʃ/
| Чч чч <br /> /t͡ʃː/
| ЧӀ чӏ <br /> /t͡ʃʼ/
|-
| ЧӀчӏ чӏчӏ <br /> /t͡ʃːʼ/
| Ш ш <br /> /ʃ/
| Щ щ <br /> /ʃː/
| Ъ ъ <br /> /ʔ/
| Ы ы <br /> /ɨ/
| Ь ь <br /> <!--?-->
| Э э <br /> /e/
| Ю ю <br /> /ju/
|-
| Я я <br /> /ja/
|}
==History==
The literary language is based on the болмацӏ (''bolmacʼ''){{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}—''bo'' = "army" or "country", and ''macʼ'' = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The ''bolmacʼ'' in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of [[Khunzakh]], the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is [[Rasul Gamzatov]] (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into [[Russian language|Russian]] have gained him a wide audience all over the former [[Soviet Union]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
==Samples==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Avar !! Transliteration !! IPA
|-
| Hello! || Ворчӏами! || Vorçami! || /wort͡ʃ’ami/
|-
| How are you doing? || Щиб хӏaл бугеб? || Şçib hal bugeb? || /ʃːib ʜal bugeb/
|-
| How are you? || Иш кин бугеб? || İş kin bugeb? || /iʃ kin bugeb/
|-
| What is your name? || Дуда цӏар щиб? || Duda tsar sçib? || /duda t͡s’ar ʃːib/
|-
| How old are you? || Дур чан сон бугеб? || Dur çan son bugeb? || /dur t͡ʃan son bugeb/
|-
| Where are you going? || Mун киве ина вугев? || Mun kive ina vugev? || /mun kiwe ina wugew/
|-
| Sorry! || Тӏаса лъугьа! || Tasa luga! || /t’asa ɬuha/
|-
| Where is the little boy going? || Киве гьитӏинав вас унев вугев? || Kive git inav vas unev vugev || /kiwe hit’inaw was unew wugew/
|-
| The boy broke a bottle. || Васас шиша бекана. || Wasas şişa bekana.. || /wasas ʃiʃa bekana/
|-
| They are building the road. || Гьез нух бале (гьабулеб) буго. || Ğez nuh bale(ğabuleb) bugo.
|| /hez nuχ bale (habuleb) bugo/
|}
==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|Languages}}
* [[Northeast Caucasian languages]]
* [[Languages of the Caucasus]]
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=av}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923013946/http://www.rferl.org/listen/ondemand/bd/ca/ RFE/RL North Caucasus Radio (also includes Chechen and Adyghe)]
* [http://korpus.baltoslav.eu/index.php?mova=en Avar language corpus] (in English, Russian, Polish and Belarusian)
* [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=mg&n=3&mova=en Avar Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter]
* [http://avar.me/ Online Avar–Russian dictionary]
* [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/madiyeva-67.htm Avar language information in Russian]
{{Languages of Russia}}
{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Avar language| ]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
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