উইকিপিডিয়া

উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা/ভূমিকাংশ: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

ইতিহাস ব্রাউজ করুন
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বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
দৃশ্যমানউইকিপাঠ্য
অনুবাদ ও সংশোধন
১ নং লাইন:
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{style-guideline|উইকিপিডিয়া:ভূমিকাংশ|উইকিপিডিয়া:LEAD}}
{{style-guideline|WP:LEAD|MOS:LEAD}}
{{nutshell|The lead should define the topic and summarize the body of the article with appropriate weight.}}
{{nutshell|ভূমিকাংশে নিবন্ধের বিষয় স্পষ্ট করতে হবে এবং যথাযথ গুরুত্বের সাথে পুরো বিষয়বস্তুর সারসংক্ষেপ করতে হবে।}}
{{style}}
'''ভূমিকাংশ''' ('''ভূমিকা''' বা '''পরিচিতি'''ও বলা হয়; lead section) হলো কোনো উইকিপিডীয় নিবন্ধের সূচীপত্র ও প্রথম শিরোনামের পূর্ববর্তী পরিচিতিমূলক অনুচ্ছেদ। এই অনুচ্ছেদে নিবন্ধটির পরিচয় দেয়া হয় এবং সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়বস্তুর সারসংক্ষেপ বলা হয়। তবে এটা সংবাদপত্রের "লিড সেকশন" জাতীয় কিছু নয়।
The '''lead section''' (also known as the '''lead''', '''introduction''' or '''intro''') of a Wikipedia article is the [[Wikipedia:Section|section]] before the [[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]] and the first [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings)|heading]]. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important aspects. (The news-journalism jargon term ''[[wikt:lede|lede]]'' is sometimes used, but Wikipedia leads are not written in [[news style]], and journalistic ledes serve different purposes from encyclopedic leads.<ref>Journalistic ''ledes'' typically take two forms: Magazine/tabloid ledes most often are "teasers" that intentionally omit some crucial details to entice readers to read the full story, or even "bury the lede" by hiding the most important fact; newspaper and broadcast ledes are extremely compressed summaries of the one-to-three most important facts in a piece, given in the first sentence or two.</ref>)
 
উইকিপিডিয়ায় ব্যবহারকারীরা গড়ে কয়েক মিনিটের বেশি থাকে না।<ref>Alexa reports the average Wikipedia user spends 4 minutes 25 seconds on the site. [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org "wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics"] See also [https://sites.google.com/site/thefamilyentertainmentnetwork/home/top-100-websites "Top 100 Websites"]</ref> তাই নিবন্ধের ভূমিকাংশই অধিকাংশ লোক প্রথমে পড়ে। একটি ভালো ভূমিকা পাঠককে পুরো বিষয়বস্তু খুব সংক্ষেপে বলে দেয়, পাশাপাশি নিবন্ধটি আরো পড়ার জন্যও তাকে আগ্রহী করে তোলে; তবে সেটা অবশ্যই পাঠককে খুঁচিয়ে বা কৌতুহলজনক কোনো ইঙ্গিত দিয়ে নয়। ভূমিকাংশটি স্পষ্ট ও সহজবোধ্য ভঙ্গীতে [[উইকিপিডিয়া:নিরপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি|নিরপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিকোণ]] থেকে লেখা উচিত।
The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. It should define the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points—including any prominent controversies.<ref>Do not violate [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] by giving undue attention to less important controversies in the lead section.</ref> The emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources, and the notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. Apart from trivial basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.
 
The lead is the first part of the article most people read, and many read only the lead. Consideration should be given to creating interest in reading more of the article, but the lead should not "tease" the reader by hinting at content that follows. Instead, the lead should be written in a clear, accessible style with a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]]; it should ideally contain no more than four paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.
 
The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies.<ref>Do not violate [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|WP:Neutral point of view]] by giving undue attention to less important controversies in the lead section.</ref> The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. Like in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly [[WP:DUE|reflect its importance to the topic]], according to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable, published sources]]. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.
== Elements of the lead ==
As explained in more detail below, the lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.
 
চলতি নিয়ম হিসেবে ভূমিকাংশে সাধারণত চারটি সুলিখিত পরিচ্ছেদের বেশি রাখা অনুচিত এবং সেগুলো সঠিক কিনা তাও সযত্নে যাচাই করতে হবে।
{{bq|style=color:#000; background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid DarkSeaGreen; overflow: auto;|1=
 
'''Correct Structure of Lead Section:'''<br />
==Elements of the lead==
<nowiki>{{Hatnote}}</nowiki><br />
{{shortcut|WP:LEADELEMENTS|WP:LEADORDER}}
<nowiki>{{Copy edit}}</nowiki><br>
{{see also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of sections}}
<nowiki>{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}</nowiki><br />
As explained in more detail below, the lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.
<nowiki>{{Contains Korean text}}</nowiki><br />
 
<nowiki>[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>{{Rocket Navigation}}</nowiki> <br />
{{Quote|
<nowiki>A '''rocket''' is a ...</nowiki><br />
'''Structure of lead section:'''
<nowiki>[table of contents]</nowiki><br />
<source lang="moin">
<nowiki>== First section ==</nowiki>
{{Hatnote}}
{{Copy edit}}
{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}
{{Contains Korean text}}
[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]] or {{Rocket Navigation}}
A '''rocket''' is a ...
 
<!--Unless suppressed or modified via special syntax, or the article has fewer than four section headings, the table of contents is automatically generated at this point.-->
 
==First section==
</source>
}}
 
*''[[Wikipedia:Template_messagesTemplate messages/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Disambiguation links]]'' should be the first elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they will want to know that first. Text-only browsers and [[screen reader]]s present the page sequentially. A "for topics of the same name ..." disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using [[TemplateWikipedia:OtherusesHatnote#Hatnote templates|hatnote templates]]. Do not make this initial link a section. ''See also'' [[Wikipedia:Hatnote]].
*''Deletion tags'' ([[WP:CSD|CSD]], [[WP:PROD|PROD]], and [[WP:AFD|AFD]] notices).
*The ''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Maintenance|maintenance tags]]'' should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article, and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
*''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Maintenance|Maintenance tags]]'' should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
*''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]]'' contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though in actuality they will generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a navigational box is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.
*''[[:Category:Foreign character warning boxes|Foreign character warning boxes]]'' let readers know that foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform or browser appear in the article. If required, they should come adjacent to, or near, any text that has the foreign characters in question, such that scrolling is not required to see the box. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.
*''[[Wikipedia:Images|Images]].'' AnAs with all images, but particularly the lead, the image's captionused should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then "jump" outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence.
*''[[WP:SIDEBAR|Sidebars]]'' are a collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. Sidebars are sometimes placed in the lead, especially when no infobox is present. If an infobox is present, the navigation sidebar may be moved to either the top or bottom of any other section in the article.<!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.-->
* All but the shortest articles should start with ''[[#Introductory text|Introductory text]]'' (the "lead"), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. ''See also'' [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Lead section]].
*''Introductory text.'' {{:Wikipedia:Lead section TT text}} ''See also'' [[Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Lead section]].
*The ''[[wpWP:TOC|table of contents]]'' (TOC) automatically appears on pages with moreat thanleast threefour headings. Avoid [[help:section #Floating the TOC|floating the table of contents]] if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of [[screen reader]]s expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.
 
==Citations==
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{shortcut|WP:LEADCITE|WP:CITELEAD}}
{{shortcut|WP:LEADCITE|WP:CITELEAD|MOS:LEADCITE}}
{{see|উইকিপিডিয়া:যাচাইযোগ্যতা|উইকিপিডিয়া:উৎসনির্দেশ}}
The lead must conform to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]], [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citation]]. Any statements about living persons that are challenged or likely to be challenged must have an inline citation ''every'' time they are mentioned, including within the lead.
নিবন্ধের ভূমিকাংশ [[উইকিপিডিয়া:যাচাইযোগ্যতা|যাচাইযোগ্যতা]] ও অন্যান্য নীতিমালা মেনে চলবে। যাচাইযোগ্যতা নীতিমালা অনুসারে, নিবন্ধের যে অংশ বিতর্কিত বা বিতর্কের উদ্রেক করে, এবং উক্তি, তা [[উইকিপিডিয়া:Inline citation|অন্তর্বর্তী উৎসনির্দেশ]] দ্বারা সমর্থিত হতে হবে। যেহেতু নিবন্ধের ভূমিকাংশের তথ্য নিবন্ধে মূল অংশে পুনরায় পাওয়া যায়, সেহেতু সম্পাদককে একই তথ্যসূত্র বারবার দেওয়া এড়িয়ে যাওয়ার ইচ্ছের সঙ্গে বিতর্কিত অংশের তথ্যসূত্র সমর্থন প্রদানের মাধ্যমে পাঠকের সুবিধা করার ইচ্ছার ভারসাম্য করতে হবে। নিবন্ধের মূল অংশ অপেক্ষা ভূমিকাংশটি সাধারণ ভাবে লেখা হয়ে থাকে, এবং ভূমিকাংশে অবিতর্কিত বিষয়ের ওপর তথ্যের জন্য তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন হয় না; কিন্তু তা হলেও ভূমিকাংশের জন্য তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন হয় না, তা নয়। ভূমিকাংশে তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন কি না তা সম্পাদকীয় [[উইকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য|ঐকমত্য]] দ্বারা পর্যালোচনা করে স্থির করা উচিৎ। জটিল, বর্তমান বা বিতর্কিত বিষয়ে একাধিক তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন হতে পারে, বাকিগুলির ক্ষত্রে অল্প বা না হলেও চলবে। কোন নিবন্ধে তথ্যসূত্রের উপস্থিতি প্রয়োজনীয়ও নয় আবার নিষিদ্ধও নয়।
 
Because the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Leads are usually written at a greater level of generality than the body, and information in the lead section of non-controversial subjects is less likely to be challenged and less likely to require a source; there is not, however, an exception to citation requirements specific to leads. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. The presence of citations in the introduction is neither required in every article nor prohibited in any article.
কিছু লেখা যেমন, উক্তি বা [[উইকিপিডিয়া:জীবিত ব্যক্তির জীবনী|জীবিত ব্যক্তির জীবনীর]] বিতর্কিত বিষয় অবশ্যই [[উইকিপিডিয়া:Inline citation|অন্তর্বর্তী উৎসনির্দেশ]] দ্বারা সমর্থিত হতে হবে।
 
== Introductory text ==
{{anchor|Intro}}
{{shortcut|WP:MOSINTRO|MOS:INTRO}}
{{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}}
=== Provide an accessible overview ===
===Provide an accessible overview===
:''See also: [[news style]] and [[Wikipedia:Summary style|summary style]].''
{{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}}
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|peacock terms]]" such as "acclaimed" or "award-winning"). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Do not hint at startling facts without describing them. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and over-specific descriptions, since greater detail is saved for the body of the article.
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective "[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|peacock terms]]" such as "acclaimed" or "award-winning" or "hit"). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and over-specific descriptions – greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article. However, do not hint at startling facts without describing them.
 
In general, introduce useful abbreviations, but avoid difficult -to -understand [[terminology]] and symbols. Mathematical equations and formulas should be avoided when they conflict with the goal of making the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.
 
=== Relative emphasis ===
{{anchor|Rel}}
According to the policy on [[WP:DUE|due weight]], emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.
According to [[WP:DUE|the policy on due weight]], emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.
 
=== Opening paragraph{{anchor|Establish context}} ===
{{shortcut|WP:MOSBEGIN|MOS:BEGIN|WP:LEADPARAGRAPH}}
{{See also|MOS:BLPLEAD}}
The first paragraph should [[WP:GOODDEF|define]] the topic with a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]], but without being overly specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article [[List of environmental issues]] succinctly states the limits of that list.
The first paragraph should [[WP:GOODDEF|define]] or identify the topic with a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]], but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article [[List of environmental issues]] succinctly states the limits of that list.
 
==== {{anchor|First sentence format}} First sentence====
{{redirect-distinguish|WP:Redundancy|WP:REDUNDANT}}
{{shortcut|WP:BEGIN|WP:BEGINNING|WP:LEADSENTENCE|WP:REDUNDANCY}}
The first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what, (or who), the subject is.
* If possible, the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|page title]] should be the [[Subjectsubject (grammar)|subject]] of the first sentence.<ref>For example:
<blockquote>This '''Manual of Style''' is a [[style guide]] containing&nbsp;...
</blockquote>
not
not<blockquote>This [[style guide]], known as the '''Manual of Style''', contains&nbsp;...</blockquote></ref> However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
<blockquote>This [[style guide]], known as the '''Manual of Style''', contains&nbsp;...
*Similarly, if the page is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|list]], do '''not''' introduce the list as "This is a '''list of X'''" or "This '''list of Xs'''...". A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than ''verbatim'' repetition of the title. (See [[#Format of the first sentence|Format of the first sentence]] below).
</blockquote>
* When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including [[synonym]]s.<ref>For example, in the article "[[United Kingdom]]":<blockquote>The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''', the '''UK''', or '''Britain''', is a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] [[island country]] located off the northwestern coast of [[continental Europe]].</blockquote></ref> Similarly, if the title has a parenthetical disambiguator, the disambiguator should be omitted in the text.<ref>Thus, the article [[Egg (food)]] should start like this:<blockquote>An '''egg''' is an ovum produced by&nbsp;...</blockquote>
</ref> However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
Not like this:<blockquote>An '''egg (food)''' is an ovum produced by&nbsp;...</blockquote></ref>
*Similarly, if the page is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|list]], do '''not''' introduce the list as "This is a '''list of X'''" or "This '''list of Xs'''...". A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than ''verbatim'' repetition of the title. A good example of this is the [[List of Benet Academy alumni]]. ''(See also [[#Format of the first sentence|Format of the first sentence]] below)''.
* If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a [[Technical terminology|specialised term]], provide the context as early as possible.<ref>For example, instead of:<blockquote>A '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.</blockquote>
*When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including [[synonym]]s.<ref>For example, in the article "[[United Kingdom]]":
write:<blockquote>In [[cryptography]], a '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.</blockquote></ref>
<blockquote>The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''', the '''UK''', or '''Britain''', is a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[island country]] located off the north-western coast of [[continental Europe]].
*[[Redundancy (linguistics)|Redundancy]] must be kept to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information which is '''not''' already given by the title of the article. Remember that the title of the article need not appear verbatim in the lead.<ref>For example, instead of<blockquote>'''Pakistani-Iraqi relations''' are the relations between [[Pakistan]] and [[Iraq]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&oldid=365198749]</blockquote> consider:<blockquote>[[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1947.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&oldid=381034647]</blockquote> Remember that the title '''need not''' always appear in the lead if the article title is descriptive, and in any case the statement '''''relations''' are relations'' does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of ''diplomatic relations''. In this case, the editor of the second version sensibly opted to include '''new''' information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.
</blockquote>
</ref> Similarly, if the title has a [[Wikipedia:Consistency_in_article_titles#Use_consistent_disambiguators_for_similar_kinds_of_topics|parenthetical disambiguator]], such as [[Egg (food)]], "(food)" should be omitted in the text.<ref>
For example, use:
<blockquote>An '''egg''' is an ovum produced by&nbsp;...</blockquote>
not:
<blockquote>An '''egg (food)''' is an ovum produced by&nbsp;...</blockquote></ref>
*If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a [[technical terminology|specialised term]], provide the context as early as possible.<ref>For example, instead of:
<blockquote>A '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.
</blockquote>
write:
<blockquote>In [[cryptography]], a '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.
</blockquote>
</ref>
* Keep [[Redundancy (linguistics)|redundancy]] to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is '''not''' already given by the title of the article. The title of the article need not appear verbatim in the lead.<ref>For example, instead of
<blockquote>'''Pakistani-Iraqi relations''' are the relations between [[Pakistan]] and [[Iraq]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&oldid=365198749]
</blockquote>
consider:
<blockquote>[[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1947.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&oldid=381034647]
</blockquote>
Remember that the title '''need not''' always appear in the lead if the article title is descriptive, and in any case the statement '''''relations''' are relations'' does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of ''diplomatic relations''. In this case, the editor of the second version sensibly opted to include '''new''' information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.
 
Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a ''dictionary'' in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence '''must''' provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:
<blockquote>The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&oldid=196628190]
Instead of:
</blockquote>
<blockquote>The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&oldid=196628190]</blockquote> consider:
consider:
<blockquote>The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is the premier dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&oldid=414242839]</blockquote> Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's ''most respected'' dictionary of English. Again, someone who knows what the word ''dictionary'' means will probably assume that any dictionary is ''comprehensive'', so they do not need to be told that.</ref>
<blockquote>The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is the premier dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&oldid=414242839]
* For topics [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.<ref>For example:<blockquote>'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA-de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 March 1882&nbsp;– 14 April 1935) was a German [[mathematician]] known for her groundbreaking contributions to [[abstract algebra]] and her contributions to [[theoretical physics]].</blockquote>
</blockquote>
This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] has more on the specific format for biography articles.)</ref>
Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's ''most respected'' dictionary of English. Again, someone who knows what the word ''dictionary'' means will probably assume that any dictionary is ''comprehensive'', so they do not need to be told that.</ref>
* If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.<ref>For example:<blockquote>'''Homer Simpson''' is a fictional character in ''The Simpsons''.</blockquote></ref>
*For topics [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.<ref>For example:
<blockquote>'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA-de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 March 1882&nbsp;– 14 April 1935) was a German [[mathematician]] known for her groundbreaking contributions to [[abstract algebra]] and her contributions to [[theoretical physics]].
</blockquote>
This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] has more on the specific format for biography articles.)</ref>
*Try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject. Instead use the first sentence to introduce the topic, and then spread the relevant information out over the entire lead.
*While a commonly recognisable form of name will be used as the title of biographical articles, fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article [[Paul McCartney]], the text of the lead begins: "'''Sir James Paul McCartney''' ...".
*If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.<ref>For example:
<blockquote>'''Homer Simpson''' is a fictional character in ''The Simpsons''.
</blockquote>
</ref>
 
==== Format of the first sentence ====
{{shortcutShortcut|WP:BOLDTITLE|MOS:BOLDTITLE}}{{anchorAnchor|Bold title}}
{{seeSee also|WikipediaMOS:BOLD|WP:Superfluous bolding explained}}
If an [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article's title]] is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence:
<blockquote>The '''electron''' is a [[subatomic particle]] with a negative [[elementary charge|elementary]] [[electric charge]]. ([[Electron]])
</blockquote>
Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in normal English:
<blockquote>The '''inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre''' were held in [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;80. ([[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre]])
</blockquote>
{{anchor|alt}}{{Anchor#|MOSBOLDSYN}}{{anchor|Abbreviations and synonyms}}{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDSYN}}
Only the first occurrence of the title and significant [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|alternative titles]] (which should usually also [[WP:Redirect|redirect]] to the article) are placed in bold:
<blockquote>'''Mumbai''', also known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])
</blockquote>
Common abbreviations (in parentheses) are considered significant [[#Alternative names|alternative names]] in this sense:
<blockquote>The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), also known as the '''Petrucci Music Library''' after publisher [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], is a&nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])
</blockquote>
 
If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the [[WP:R#PLA|target of a redirect]], the subject should be in bold:
<blockquote>[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 June 1980 – 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby girl who was killed by a dingo on the night of 17 August 1980 on a family camping trip to Uluru (at that date known as Ayers Rock) in the Northern Territory. ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], redirected from Azaria Chamberlain)
</blockquote>
 
=====Avoid these common mistakes=====
{{shortcut|MOS:BOLDAVOID|WP:BOLDAVOID}}
Links should not be placed in the [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|boldface]] reiteration of the title in the opening sentence of a lead:<ref>Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking ''part'' of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.</ref><ref>Disambiguation pages are navigational aides rather than articles and where there is a primary topic for a term, the introductory line for that term's disambiguation page does typically have that term both linked and bolded; see [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]</ref>
 
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''[[Babe Ruth]] Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]].
</blockquote>
<blockquote>[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The '''Babe Ruth Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. The award, created in honor of [[Babe Ruth]], was first awarded in 1949 to the MVP of the [[World Series]], one year after Ruth's death.</blockquote>
 
If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding redundancy.
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''2011 Mississippi River floods''' were a series of [[flood]]s affecting the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011, which were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])
</blockquote>
<blockquote>[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The [[Mississippi River]] floods in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])
</blockquote>
{{anchor|alt}}{{Anchor#|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD}}{{anchor|Absent article title}}{{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD|WP:TITLEABSENTBOLD}}
In general, if the article's title is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that ''does'' appear:
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''The Beatles'''' rise to prominence '''in the United States''' on February 7, 1964, was a significant development in the history of the [[The Beatles|band's]] commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])
</blockquote>
<blockquote>[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] [[The Beatles]]' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band's commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])
</blockquote>
 
If an [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article's title]] is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence:<blockquote>The '''electron''' is a [[subatomic particle]] with a negative [[elementary charge|elementary]] [[electric charge]]. ([[Electron]])</blockquote>Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in normal English:
<blockquote>The '''inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre''' were held in [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;80. ([[Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre]])</blockquote>{{anchor|alt}}Only the first occurrence of the title and significant [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|alternative titles]] are placed in bold:<blockquote>'''Mumbai''', also known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])</blockquote>If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it:
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''2011 Mississippi River floods''' were a series of [[flood]]s affecting the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011, which were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])</blockquote>Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding unnecessary redundancy:<blockquote>[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The [[Mississippi River]] [[flood]]s in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])</blockquote>
If the article's exact title is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that ''does'' appear:
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''The Beatles'''' rise to prominence '''in the United States''' on February 7, 1964 was a significant development in the history of the [[The Beatles|band]]'s commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])</blockquote>
Links should not be placed in the [[Emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|boldface]] reiteration of the title in the opening sentence of a lead:<ref>Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking ''part'' of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.</ref>
<blockquote>[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''[[Babe Ruth]] Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. ([[Babe Ruth Award]])</blockquote>
(Disambiguation pages, however, use bolding for [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|the link to the primary topic]], if there is one.)
 
===== Proper names and titles =====
If the title of the page is normally [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|italicized]] (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text; if it is usually surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be:
<blockquote>'''''Las Meninas''''' (Spanish for '''''The Maids of Honour''''') is a 1656 painting by [[Diego Velázquez]],&nbsp;...
</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{lang-it|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) is a 1966 Italian [[epic film|epic]] [[Spaghetti western]] film&nbsp;...
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"'''Yesterday'''" is a [[pop music|pop]] song originally recorded by [[Thethe Beatles]] for their 1965 album ''[[Help! (album)|Help!]]''
</blockquote>
 
===== {{Anchor#|MOSBOLDSYN}}Abbreviations and synonyms =====
{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDSYN|WP:MOSBOLDSYN}}
If the subject of the page has a common abbreviation or more than one name, the abbreviation (in parentheses) and each additional name should be in boldface on its first appearance.
<blockquote>'''Sodium hydroxide''' ('''NaOH'''), also known as '''lye''' and '''caustic soda''', is&nbsp;...</blockquote>
 
===== Foreign language =====
{{shortcut|MOS:FORLANG}}
If the subject of the article is closely associated with a non-English language, a single foreign language equivalent name can be included in the lead sentence, usually in parentheses. For example, an article about a location in a non-English-speaking country will typically include the local language equivalent:
Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English, or variations included only to show etymology. However, some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Manual of Style for text formatting]].
<blockquote>'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Чернівецька область}}, ''{{transl|uk|Chernivets’ka oblast’''}}'') is an [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in western [[Ukraine]], bordering on [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]].
</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''Inuit''' (plural; the singular ''Inuk'' means "man" or "person") is a general term for a group of culturally similar [[indigenous peoples]] inhabiting the [[Arctic]] regions&nbsp;...</blockquote>
 
Do not include foreign equivalents in the lead sentence just to show etymology.
In any case, consider footnoting equivalents in non-roman scripts and their transliterations rather than placing them at the opening of an article.
 
Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English. Some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Manual of Style for text formatting]].
===== Pronunciation =====
<blockquote>'''Inuit''' (plural; the singular ''Inuk'' means "man" or "person") is a general term for a group of culturally similar [[indigenous peoples]] inhabiting the [[Arctic]] regions&nbsp;...
{{details|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|the formatting of pronunciation in the first sentence}}
</blockquote>
If the name of the article has a pronunciation that's not apparent from its spelling, include its [[Help:IPA|pronunciation]] in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases (''[[mate (beverage)|mate]],'' ''[[coup d'état]]''), proper nouns ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]), or very unusual English words ([[synecdoche]], [[atlatl]]). Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English ([[France]], [[Poland]]) or common English words that violate ordinary English orthography ([[laughter]], [[sword]]). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of [[Jean van Heijenoort]] but only ''Cholmondeley'' in [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.
 
===== Contextual links Pronunciation=====
{{shortcut|WP:LEADPRON}}
{{details|topic=the formatting of pronunciation in the first sentence|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}}
If the name of the article has a pronunciation that's not apparent from its spelling, include its [[Help:IPA|pronunciation]] in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases (''[[mate (beverage)|mate]],'' ''[[coup d'état]]''), proper nouns ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]), or very unusual English words ([[synecdoche]], [[atlatl]]). Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English ([[France]], [[Poland]]). Do not include them for common English words with pronunciations that might be counterintuitive for learners ([[laughter]], [[sword]]). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of [[Jean van Heijenoort]] but only ''Cholmondeley'' in [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.
 
=====Contextual links=====
{{shortcut|WP:CONTEXTLINK|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}}
The opening sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that defineare important to the article's topic or place it into the [[context (language use) | context]] where it is [[WP:N | notable]].
 
For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.
<blockquote>'''Arugam Bay''' is a [[bay]] on the [[Indian Ocean]] in the dry zone of [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka's]] southeast coast.
</blockquote>
 
In an article about a technical or jargon term, the opening sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the [[field of study]] that the term comes from.
<blockquote>In [[heraldry]], '''tinctures''' are the colours used to [[blazon|emblazon]] a [[coat of arms]].
</blockquote>
 
The [[WP:OPENPARA | first sentence of an article about a person]] should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.
<blockquote>'''Harvey Lavan''' "'''Van'''" '''Cliburn, Jr.''' (born July 12, 1934) – February 27, is2013) was an American [[pianist]] who achieved worldwide recognition in 1958 at age 23, when he won the first quadrennial [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition]] in Moscow, at the height of the [[Cold War]].
</blockquote>
 
Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.
<blockquote>The '''Gemara''' is the component of the [[Talmud]] comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the [[Mishnah]].
</blockquote>
 
Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, [[Van Cliburn]]|Van Cliburn's]] opening sentence links to [[Cold War]] because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, [[WP:YEARLINK|do not link to years]] unless the year has some special salience to the topic.
 
Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word "Colonel" should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.
<blockquote>Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (d.died 1738) was a special [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|British envoy]] entrusted by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] with the task of negotiating a double marriage between the [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and [[Hohenzollern]] dynasties.
</blockquote>
 
===== Biographies =====
{{details|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies|topic=the formatting of the first sentence of biographical articles|MOS:BLPLEAD}}
 
===== Organisms =====
{{hatnote|See also [[WP:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms]] for capitalization rules, and [[WP:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[WP:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}}
When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic un-boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the opening sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.
* '''Thomson's gazelle''' (''Eudorcas thomsonii'') is the most common gazelle of [[East Africa]] ...
* '''Grunters''' or '''tigerperches''' are fishes in the family '''Terapontidae''' ...
* The '''rove beetles''' are a large family ('''Staphylinidae''') of [[beetle]]s ...
 
When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name.
১৪৫ ⟶ ২৩০ নং লাইন:
*'''''Brassica oleracea''''' is the [[species]] of plant that includes many common foods as [[cultivar]]s, including [[cabbage]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], [[kale]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[savoy]], and [[Chinese kale]] ...
 
== Biographies=Scope of living personsarticle===
In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is ''not'' within scope. For instance, the article on [[fever]] notes that an elevated core body temperature due to [[hyperthermia]] is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.
 
==Biographies of living persons==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}}
When writing about controversies in the lead of the biography of a living person, notable material should neither be suppressed nor allowed to overwhelm: always pay scrupulous attention to reliable sources, and make sure the lead correctly reflects the entirety of the article. Write clinically, and let the facts speak for themselves.
 
Well-publicized recent events affecting a subject, whether controversial or not, should be kept in historical perspective. What is most recent is not necessarily what is most notable: new information should be carefully balanced against old, with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|due weight]] accorded to each. When a subject dies, the lead need not be radically reworked. Unless the cause of death is itself a reason for notability, a single sentence describing itthe death is usually sufficient.
 
== <!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here -->{{anchor|LEADALT}}Alternative names ==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|WP:ALTNAME}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names}}
[[File:Article title versus first sentence.jpg|300px|thumb|The [[WP:AT|'''article title''']] appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence does not always match the article title. This page gives advice on the contents of the first sentence, not the article title.]]
[[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|The [[WP:AT|'''article title''']] appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence does not always match the article title. This page gives advice on the contents of the first sentence, not the article title.]]
 
By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called "[[Gdańsk]]" can be referred to as "Danzig" in suitedsuitable historical contexts. The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability.
 
=== Non-English titles ===
Although Wikipedia's naming convention guidelines [[WP:UE|recommend the use of English]], there are instances where the subject of an article is best known in English-speaking sources by its non-English name. In this case, the non-English title may be appropriate for the article.
 
=== Usage in first sentence ===
{{further|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorism, and common names}}
In articles about people, literary and artistic works, scientific principles and concepts, and other subjects, the title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in [[parentheses]]. The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, although inclusion should reflect [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]]. The [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|guideline for place names]] differs in this regard.
{{shortcut|WP:QUOTENAME}}
The title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in [[parentheses]] (but see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)]] for special guidelines for place names). The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, although inclusion should reflect [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]].
*[[Archaism|Archaic names]], including names used before the [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|standardization of English orthography]] should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ([[archaism|archaic:]] name).
*{{em|Relevant}} foreign-language names, such as in an article on a person who does not themselves write their name in English, are encouraged. Separate languages should be divided by [[semicolon]]s, and [[romanization]]s of non-Latin scripts by [[comma]]s.
 
The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on [[Calvin Coolidge]] gives his name as '''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''
*[[Archaism|Archaic names]], including names used before the [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|standardization of English orthography]] should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ([[Archaism|archaic:]] name).
*''Relevant'' foreign-language names, such as in an article on a person who does not themselves write their name in English, are encouraged. Separate languages should be divided by [[semicolon]]s, and [[romanization]]s of non-Latin scripts by [[comma]]s.
 
TheIf namea person is commonly known by a [[nickname]] that is not a common [[hypocorism]] (diminutive) of their name,<ref name=CommHypo>As a personguide to what is presenteda in"common" fullhypocorism, ifconsider knownconsulting the [[Hypocorism#English]] subsections "Shortening, includingoften anyto giventhe namesfirst thatsyllable" areand not"Addition includedof a diminutive suffix..."; consider treating names listed in the article'sin title"A orshort areform abbreviatedthat there.differs Forsignificantly example,from the articlename" subsection as non-hypocoristic nicknames, depending on [[Calvinthe Coolidge]]particular givescase his(a few short forms that differ significantly from the name are well known common hypocorisms, such as '''John"Bob" Calvinfor Coolidge"Robert", Jrbut most are not).''' IfConsider aassuming personthat hasmost anon-English commonlyhypocorisms knownare nicknamenot familiar to readers of this English Wikipedia, even if well known in their native culture.</ref> used in lieu of a given name, it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for [[JohnBunny F. KennedyBerigan]], which has '''JohnRoland Bernard Fitzgerald''' "'''JackBunny'''" '''Kennedy Berigan'''. The quotation marks are not put in bold. A nickname that comes in place of the whole name should be presented after the full name, in parentheses. Also acceptable are formulations like "'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', better known as '''Sandro Botticelli'''", when applicable.
 
If a person has a well-known common [[hypocorism]], used in lieu of a given name,<ref name=CommHypo/> it is ''not'' presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for [[Tom Hopper]] which has just '''Thomas Edward Hopper'''. Also acceptable are formulations like "'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', known as '''Sandro Botticelli'''", when applicable.
Consider footnoting foreign-language and archaic names if they would otherwise clutter the opening sentence.
 
{{shortcut|WP:LEADCLUTTER}}{{anchor|Clutter}}
=== Separate section usage ===
Consider footnoting foreign-language and archaic names if they would otherwise clutter the opening sentence.<ref>For example, the lead from [[Genghis Khan]] at one time read:
{{see also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)}}
:'''Genghis Khan''' (English pronunciation:{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};<sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]</sup>; [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA-mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; probably May 31, 1162<sup>[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]</sup> – August 25, 1227), born '''Temujin''' (English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; {{lang-xng|''Temüjin''}};<sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]</sup> {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) and also known by the [[temple name]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest]] contiguous empire in history after his death.
Alternatively, if there are more than two alternative names, these names can be moved to and explained in a "Names" or "Etymology" section; it is recommended that this be done if there are at least three alternate names, or there is something notable about the names themselves. Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.
 
This was later reduced to the following:
== Stubs ==
:'''Genghis Khan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}, often pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}; {{lang-mn|Чингис хаан, ''Çingis hán''}}; {{IPA-mn|t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ| Mongol:|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}, c. 1162{{spaced ndash}} August 18, 1227), born '''Temüjin''', was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (Emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest contiguous empire]] in history after his death.
</ref>
 
===Separate section usage===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)}}
Alternatively, if there are more than two alternative names, these names can be moved to and explained in a "Names" or "Etymology" section; it is recommended that this be done if there are at least three alternate names, or there is something notable about the names themselves. Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.
 
==Stubs==
Where the article is a stub, a lead may not be necessary at all. Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, but if reliably sourced information is not available, this may not be possible. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings.
Where the article is a [[WP:stub|stub]] and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification.
 
== Length ==
{{shortcut|WP:LEADLENGTH}}
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total [[Wikipedia:Article size|length of the article]]. As a [[Wikipedia:Ignore all rules|general guideline]]—notguideline—but annot absolute rule—the lead should normallyusually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestionsuggestions about lead length may be useful ("article length" refers to [[WP:LENGTH|readable prose size]]):
 
{| class="wikitable"
১৯৭ ⟶ ২৯৬ নং লাইন:
|}
 
Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Summary style]]. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at [[News style]].
 
==Editing the lead section==
== Clutter ==
By default there is no ''[{{thinsp}}edit{{thinsp}}]'' link for the lead section, but registered users can get them via:
{{shortcut|WP:LEADCLUTTER}}
*a [[checkbox]] on ''[[Special:Preferences]] → Gadgets → Appearance'' called "Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page" (requires JavaScript)
The lead often becomes cluttered with parenthetical details (often to the point of absurdity) and should be reduced. For example, the lead from [[Genghis Khan]] read:
*a [[checkbox]] on ''[[Special:Preferences]] → Editing'' called "Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles" (requires JavaScript)
:{{quote|'''Genghis Khan''' (English pronunciation:{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};<sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]</sup>; [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA-mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; probably May 31, 1162<sup>[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]</sup> – August 25, 1227), born '''Temujin''' (English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; {{lang-xng|''Temüjin''}};<sup>[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]</sup> {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) and also known by the [[temple name]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest]] contiguous empire in history after his death.}}
 
==Comparison to the news-style lead==
Some parenthetical material may be notable enough to be among the first information presented, but much of it can be moved to footnotes, infoboxes, or into the body of the article. If this results in extensive footnotes which themselves contain references, notes and references can be split, as explained at [[WP:REFNOTE]].
{{anchor|Comparison to news style|reason=old section name}}
Wikipedia leads are not written in [[news style]]. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some important differences. The [[lead paragraph]] (sometimes spelled "[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]") of newspaper journalism is a very compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as "the [[five Ws]]": ''who'', ''what'', ''when'', ''where'', and ''why''. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in Wikipedia articles, the first sentence is usually more similar to a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides far more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Editing the lead section ==
|+ Comparison of journalistic and encyclopedic leads
|-
!Journalistic lead
!Encyclopedic lead
|-
|width="50%" valign="top"|"Toxic gas leaking from an American-owned insecticide plant in central India killed at least 410 people overnight, many as they slept, officials said today. At least 12,000 were reported injured in the disaster in the city of Bhopal, 2,000 of whom were hospitalized." <br><small>Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 December 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal"] ''The New York Times''</small>
|width="50%" valign="top"|The '''Bhopal disaster''', also referred to as the '''Bhopal gas tragedy''', was a [[gas leak]] incident in India, considered [[list of accidents and disasters by death toll#Industrial disasters|the world's worst]] [[list of industrial disasters|industrial disaster]]. It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the [[Union Carbide India Limited]] (UCIL) [[pesticide]] plant in [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to [[methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate (MIC)]] gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around the [[shanty town]]s located near the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The [[government of Madhya Pradesh]] confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.
|}
 
===No teasers===
Editing the lead section can be cumbersome in long articles, because by default there is no edit link. The primary option is to open the entire article in the editing window by clicking on the "Edit" or "edit this page" tab at the top. However, this method increases the risk of [[Help:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]] in popular articles, and [[Wikipedia:Article size#Technical issues|may cause problems]] if the page being edited is too large.
{{shortcut|MOS:DONTTEASE}}
Tabloid, magazine and broadcast news leads may have "teasers" that intentionally omit some crucial details to entice readers to read or watch the full story. They may even "[[wikt:bury the lede|bury the lead]]" by hiding the most important facts. This style should never be used on Wikipedia.
 
==Cleanup==
Registered users can override this default via:
* a [[checkbox]] on ''[[Special:Preferences]] > Gadgets > Appearance'' called "Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page" (requires JavaScript)
* a [[checkbox]] on ''[[Special:Preferences]] > Editing'' called "Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles" (requires JavaScript)
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts#Navigating to Edit page|some user-written scripts that enable you to edit section 0]].
 
All users can use the following:
* Click "edit" for any section and, in the resulting [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], replace the trailing <tt>&amp;section=</tt>'''n''' with <tt>&amp;section='''0'''</tt> before re-loading the page.
 
== Cleanup ==
For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction]]. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.
 
== See also ==
*[[Help:Section]]
 
* [[Wikipedia:ManualHow to create and manage a good oflead Style/Accessibilitysection]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence content]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence format]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lead section TT text]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProjectManual of IntroductionsStyle/Accessibility]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|Wikipedia's Good definition policy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Writing better articles]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lead Improvement Team]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary#Good_definitions|Wikipedia's Good definition policy]]
*{{Section link|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Lead section}}
* [[Help:Section]]
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|45em}}
{{Style wide}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
[[Category:General style guidelines]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Gaya penulisan/Bahagian permulaan]]
'https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী_নির্দেশনা/ভূমিকাংশ' থেকে আনীত