বরফ স্কেটিং: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

{{Refimprove|date=August 2013}}

 

 

A study by [[Federico Formenti]] of the [[University of Oxford]] suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern [[Finland]] more than 3,000 years ago.<ref name=formenti/> Originally, skates were merely sharpened, flattened bone strapped to the bottom of the foot. Skaters did not actually skate on the ice, but rather glided on top of it. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it. Adding edges to [[ice skates]] was invented by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement. The construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then. In the [[Netherlands]], ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, as shown in many pictures by the [[Old Master]]s.

 

Ice skating was also practised in China during the [[Song dynasty]], and became popular among the ruling family of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=pdo130220/>

 

[[File:The Skating Minister.jpg|thumb|''[[The Skating Minister]]'' by [[Henry Raeburn]], depicts a member of the [[Edinburgh Skating Club]] in the 1790s.]]

Ice skating was brought to Britain from the Netherlands, where [[James II of England|James II]] was briefly exiled in the 17th century. When he returned to England, this "new" sport was introduced to the British aristocracy, and was soon enjoyed by people from all walks of life.

The next skating club to be established was in [[London]] and was not founded until 1830.<ref name="skating"/> By the mid-19th century, ice skating was a popular pastime among the British upper and middle classes, ([[Queen Victoria]] got to know her future husband, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], through a series of ice skating trips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.followthebrownsigns.com/ice-skating/|title=Ice Skating|publisher=Followthebrownsigns.com|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref>) and early attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were made during the 'rink mania' of 1841-44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's [[lard]] and various salts. An item in the 8 May 1844 issue of Littell's ''Living Age'' headed the "[[Glaciarium]]" reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton street East' [[Tottenham Court Road]], was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating".

 

[[File:Fenskaters ronden ton.jpg|thumb|right|James Smart rounds the barrel turn]]

Skating became popular as a recreation, a means of transport and spectator sport in [[fen skating|The Fens]] in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book|title=Handbook of Fen Skating|year=1882 |last1=Goodman|first1=Neville|last2=Goodman|first2=Albert|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookfenskat00goodgoog|ol=25422698M

On Saturday 1 February 1879 a number of professional ice skaters from [[Cambridgeshire]] and [[Huntingdonshire]] met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to set up the [[National Ice Skating Association|National Skating Association]], the first national ice skating body in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceskating.org.uk/node/6297|title=The History of Long Track Speed Skating|publisher=[[National Ice Skating Association|NISA]]|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], a magistrate, two Members of Parliament, the mayor of [[Cambridge]], the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, journalist James Drake Digby, the president of [[Cambridge University]] Skating Club, and Neville Goodman, a fellow of [[Peterhouse College]] (and son of [[Potto Brown|Potto Brown’s]] milling partner, Joseph Goodman).<ref name="Bird">DL Bird 1979 ''Our Skating Heritage''. London.</ref> The newly formed Association held their first one-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879.

 

[[File:Jackson Haines.png|thumb|right|200x200px|Jackson Haines]]

{{main|Figure skating}}

The [[International Skating Union]] was founded in 1892 as the first international ice skating organization in [[Scheveningen]], in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The first Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung, was held in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1896. The event had four competitors and was won by [[Gilbert Fuchs]].<ref>Hines, p.75</ref>

 

[[File:Skating in Central Park Frank-S.-Armitage-American-Mutoscope-And-Biograph-1900.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=0:11|right|250px|''Skating in Central Park'' (1900), one minute silent film by Frank S. Armitage. [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]

[[File:Wereldkampioenschappen schaatsen.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=1:06|right|250px|Documentary on the World Championship Skating for Women at [[Helsinki]] in 1971.]]

It had long been believed that ice is slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it causes a thin layer to melt. The hypothesis was that the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation, called "pressure melting", originated in the 19th century. This, however, did not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than −3.5&nbsp;°C, whereas skaters often skate on lower-temperature ice. In the 20th century, an alternative explanation, called "friction heating", was proposed, whereby friction of the material was causing the ice layer melting. However, this theory also failed to explain skating at low temperature. In fact, neither explanation explained why ice is slippery when standing still even at below-zero temperatures.<ref name=PT0512/>

 

Skating depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and experience of the skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of [[Short track speed skating|short track]] skaters have been [[paralysis|paralysed]] after a fall when they hit the boarding. Falling can be fatal if a [[helmet]] is not worn to protect against serious [[head trauma]]. Accidents are rare but most common with collisions, hockey games, or [[pair skating]].

 

The second, and more serious, danger is falling through the ice into the freezing water underneath when skating outdoors on a frozen body of water. Death can occur due to [[Cold shock response|shock]], [[hypothermia]] or [[drowning]]. It is often difficult or impossible for skaters to climb out of the water back onto the ice due to the ice repeatedly breaking, the skater being weighed down by skates and thick winter clothing, or the skater becoming disoriented under water. The skater may even not be able to find the hole through which they fell. This may result in drowning or hypothermia, but the rapid cooling can also create a state in which someone can be revived up to hours after having fallen in the water. For safety, it is recommended that skaters should never skate alone or in darkness and that they should bring nails or ice-claws when they are skating on a lake or river to allow them to get a grip on the ice and pull themselves out of the water if they fall through the ice.

 

A number of recreational skating games can be played on ice.

 

</gallery>

 

* [[Fen skating]]

* [[Figure skating]]

* [[Tour skating]]

 

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=formenti>{{Cite web | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00991.x | title = The first humans traveling on ice: an energy-saving strategy? | first = Federico | last = Formenti | first2 = Alberto E. | last2 = Minett }}</ref>