লেবানন: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই |
Pratik89Roy (আলোচনা | অবদান) |
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৫৮ নং লাইন:
== ইতিহাস ==
===লেবাননের গৃহযুদ্ধ(১৯৭৫-১৯৯০)===
লেবাননের গৃহযুদ্ধ একটি বহুঘটনাবহুল গৃহযুদ্ধ ছিল এবং এতে আনুমানিক ২,৫০,০০০ জনের মৃত্যু হয় ।
{| class="wikitable"
|April 13, 1975
|Battles between the [[PLO]] and the [[Kataeb]] Christian militia spread to parts of Beirut, especially the downtown area which is totally destroyed leading to the [[Green Line (Lebanon)|demarcation line]] between the two parts of the city. Many militias are formed on both sides and hundreds of civilians are killed or taken hostage. The government divides and the army is split. The militias usurp many functions of the state.
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|January, 1976
|The [[Karantina massacre]] and the [[Damour massacre]]
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|May, 1976
|[[Elias Sarkis]] is elected president.
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|Summer, 1976
|The [[Tel al-Zaatar massacre]] occcurs. The Syrian army intervenes for the first time.
|-
|October, 1976
|An [[1976 Arab League summit (Riyadh)|Arab League summit]] occurs to instill a ceasefire backed by the deployment of peacekeeping troops.
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|February - March, 1978
|The [[Hundred Days' War]] begins and the ceasefire ends. The United Nations sends troops and foreign powers deploy aid to the two sides of the war.
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|February, 1979
|The [[Iranian revolution]] occurs helping to radicalize the [[Amal Movement|Shiite movement]] in Lebanon.
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|July, 1980
|[[Bashir Gemayel]], leader of the [[Kataeb]] militia, unites all the Christian militias by force, putting in place the political party, [[Lebanese Forces]].
|-
|Summer, 1982
|The [[1982 Lebanon War]] occurs as well as the [[Siege of Beirut]]. [[Bashir Gemayel]] is elected president on August 23 and assassinated September 14th. Soon after [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|the Sabra and Shatila massacre]] occurs. The Israelis withdraw. [[Amin Gemayel]] is elected president.
|-
|April, 1983
|[[1983 United States embassy bombing|1983 United States embassy bombing occurs.]]
|-
|Summer, 1983
|The [[Mountain War (Lebanon)|Mountain War]] begins.
|-
|October, 1983
|[[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|1983 Beirut barracks bombing occurs.]]
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|February, 1984
|The Lebanese army, after controlling Beirut since Israeli withdrawal, is expelled from West Beirut, accused of partisanship with the Lebanese forces, mass arrests, etc.
The [[Amal Party]] and the [[Druze]] [[Progressive Socialist Party]] take control of West Beirut. The multi-nationals withdraw from Lebanon.
|-
|February, 1985
|The Israelis withdraw from Sidon but remain in the south. Armed resistance to Israeli occupation intensifies. Especially from [[Hezbollah]].
The [[War of the Camps]] arises.
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|October, 1985
|Assassination attempt on Hezbollah leader, [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]].
|-
|June, December, 1987
|[[Rashid Karami]] is assassinated on June 1, 1987. The [[First Intifada]] begins and the anger toward Israel in Lebanon increases. There are hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians [[Israel Prison Service|imprisoned by Israel]].
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|September, 1988
|[[Amin Gemayel]]'s presidential term expires and he appoints the commander of the army, [[General Michel Aoun]] as interim prime minister.
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|March 14, 1989
|General Aoun declares war on the Syrian presence in Lebanon. After seven months of shelling a ceasefire is negotiated by the Arab League.
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|October - November, 1989
|The [[Taif Agreement]] occurs. [[René Moawad]] is elected president and is assassinated 17 days later. [[Elias Hrawi]] is then elected. General Aoun denounces the legitimacy of these presidencies and a new commander of the army is appointed.
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|January 30, 1990
|Heavy fighting begins between the Lebanese army still under General Aoun's control and the Lebanese Forces. As well as fighting between Amal and Hezbollah and continued resistance to Israeli occupation and Israeli reprisal raids.
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|October 13, 1990
|General Aoun is forced out of the presidential palace and goes into exile. The [[October 13 massacre]] occurs. [[Selim Hoss]] assumes command of the country except for the part still occupied by Israel. The armed forces are reunited under a central command.
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|December 24, 1990
|A [[National Reconciliation]] is formed under the leadership of [[Omar Karami]]. The [[Taif Agreement]] is for the first time being put into practice.
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|August 26, 1991
|Parliament passes the law of [[Amnesty|General Amnesty]].
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|Summer 1992
|The [[Lebanese general election, 1992|first parliamentary elections in twenty years take place]].
|}
<ref>Makdisi, Jean Said. Beirut Fragments: A War Memoir. New York: Persea, 1990. Print.</ref>
== রাজনীতি ==
লেবানন একটি সংসদীয় গণতন্ত্র যেখানে সরকারের সর্বোচ্চ পদগুলি আনুপাতিক হারে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট ধর্মীয় গোষ্ঠীর লোকদের প্রতিনিধির জন্য নির্ধারিত। সংবিধান অনুসারে প্রতি ৪ বছর অন্তর সংসদীয় নির্বাচন হয়। আইনসভা আবার ৬ বছর মেয়াদের জন্য রাষ্ট্রপতি নির্বাচন করে। লেবাননের শেষ সংসদীয় নির্বাচন ২০০৯ সালে এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি নির্বাচন ২০০৮ সালে সংঘটিত হয়। রাষ্ট্রপতি ও আইনসভা একত্রে প্রধানমন্ত্রী নির্বাচন করেন।
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