সভ্যতা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
Lazy-restless (আলোচনা | অবদান) |
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৮ নং লাইন:
[[রোমান সাম্রাজ্য]] হল বৃহৎ সভ্যতার একটি উদাহরণ। এটি রোম নগরী থেকে সরকারিভাবে পরিচালিত হতো। এই সাম্রাজ্য এককালে স্কটল্যান্ডের সীমান্ত থেকে উত্তর আফ্রিকা ও উত্তর ভূমধ্যসাগরীয় অঞ্চল পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ছিল। তাঁদের নিজস্ব ভাষা ছিল [[ল্যাটিন]]। রোমান সভ্যতা মোট ১০০০ বছর পর্যন্ত স্থায়ী ছিল, কিন্তু প্রাচীন মিশরীয় সভ্যতা টিকে ছিল তার থেকে বেশী দিন। রোমান এবং মিশরীয়গণ অ্যাক্টিয়ামের যুদ্ধে পরস্পরের মুখোমুখি হয়েছিলেন। তাঁতে রোমানরা জয়ী হওয়ায় মিশর রোমান সাম্রাজ্যের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়।
== গ্রন্থপঞ্জি ==
* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |origyear= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |year= 2000 }}
* {{cite book | last = Brinton | first = Crane (et al.) | authorlink = Crane Brinton | year = 1984 | title = A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715 | edition = 6th | publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] | location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J. | isbn = 0-13-389866-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Casson | first = Lionel | year = 1994 | title = Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times | publisher = British Museum Press | location = London | isbn = 0-7141-1735-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Chisholm | first = Jane |author2=Anne Millard | year = 1991 | title = Early Civilization | others = illus. Ian Jackson | publisher = Usborne | location = London | isbn = 1-58086-022-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Collcutt | first = Martin |author2=[[Marius Jansen]] |author3=Isao Kumakura | year = 1988 | title = Cultural Atlas of Japan | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York | isbn = 0-8160-1927-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Drews | first = Robert |author-link = Robert Drews | year = 1993 | title = The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | isbn = 0-691-04811-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Edey | first = Maitland A. | year = 1974 | title = The Sea Traders | publisher = [[Time-Life Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-7054-0060-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Fairservis | first = Walter A., Jr. | year = 1975 | title = The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-684-12775-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Fernández-Armesto | first = Felipe | authorlink = Felipe Fernández-Armesto | year = 2000 | title = Civilizations | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | location = London | isbn = 0-333-90171-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Ferrill | first = Arther | year = 1985 | title = The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great | publisher = [[Thames and Hudson]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-500-25093-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Fitzgerald | first = C. P. | year = 1969 | title = The Horizon History of China | publisher = American Heritage | location = New York | isbn = 0-8281-0005-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Fuller | first = J. F. C. | authorlink = J.F.C. Fuller | year = 1954–57 | title = A Military History of the Western World | others = 3 vols. | publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]] | location = New York}}
*# ''From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto.'' ISBN 0-306-80304-6 (1987 reprint).
*# ''From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo.'' ISBN 0-306-80305-4 (1987 reprint).
*# ''From the American Civil War to the End of World War II.'' ISBN 0-306-80306-2 (1987 reprint).
* {{cite book | last = Gowlett | first = John | year = 1984 | title = Ascent to Civilization | publisher = Collins | location = London | isbn = 978-0-00-217090-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Hawkes | first = Jacquetta | authorlink = Jacquetta Hawkes | year = 1968 | title = Dawn of the Gods | publisher = [[Chatto & Windus]] | location = London | isbn = 0-7011-1332-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Hawkes | first = Jacquetta |author2=David Trump | origyear = 1976 |year=1993 | title = The Atlas of Early Man | publisher = [[Dorling Kindersley]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-312-09746-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Hicks | first = Jim | year = 1974 | title = The Empire Builders | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}}
* {{cite book | last = Hicks | first = Jim | year = 1975 | title = The Persians | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = New York}}
* {{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Johnson (writer) | year = 1987 | title = A History of the Jews | publisher = [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-79091-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Jensen | first = Derrick | authorlink = Derrick Jensen | year = 2006 | title = [[Endgame (Derrick Jensen books)|Endgame]] | publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58322-730-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Keppie | first = Lawrence | year = 1984 | title = The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire | publisher = Barnes & Noble | location = Totowa, N.J. | isbn = 0-389-20447-1}}
* [[Korotayev]], Andrey, ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective''. Lewiston, NY: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 2004. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0
* [[Nikolay Kradin|Kradin, Nikolay]]. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. ''[[Social Evolution & History]]'', Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108. ISSN 1681-4363.
* {{cite book | last = Lansing | first = Elizabeth | year = 1971 | title = The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 0-07-036357-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Lee | first = Ki-Baik | year = 1984 | title = A New History of Korea | others = trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-674-61575-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Nahm | first = Andrew C. | year = 1983 | title = A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History | publisher = Hollym International | location = Elizabeth, N.J. | isbn = 0-930878-23-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Oliphant | first = Margaret | year = 1992 | title = The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past | publisher = Ebury | location = London | isbn = 0-09-177040-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Rogerson | first = John | year = 1985 | title = Atlas of the Bible | publisher = [[Infobase Publishing]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-8160-1206-7}}
* {{cite book | last = Sandall | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Sandall | year = 2001 | title = The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays | publisher = Westview | location = Boulder, Colo. | isbn = 0-8133-3863-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Sansom | first = George | year = 1958 | title = A History of Japan: To 1334 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford | isbn = 0-8047-0523-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Southworth | first = John Van Duyn | year = 1968 | title = The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D. | publisher = [[Twayne]] | location = New York}}
* {{cite book | last = Thomas | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Thomas (historian) | year = 1981 | title = An Unfinished History of the World | edition = rev. | publisher = Pan | location = London | isbn = 0-330-26458-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Yap | first = Yong |author2=Arthur Cotterell | year = 1975 | title = The Early Civilization of China| publisher = Putnam | location = New York | isbn = 0-399-11595-1}}
* Yurdusev, A. Nuri, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: A Civilizational Approach (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{reflist}}
== বহিঃসংযোগ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/interactive/civilisations/ BBC on civilization]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মানুষের নৃতাত্ত্বিক শ্রেণিবিভাগ]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সাংস্কৃতিক নৃতত্ত্ব]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সাংস্কৃতিক ভূগোলবিদ্যা]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সংস্কৃতি]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সমাজ]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সামাজিক-সাংস্কৃতিক বিবর্তন]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:ইতিহাসের তত্ত্বও]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:সভ্যতা]]
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