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সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
অ (Bot: tt:Галилео Галилей is a good article) |
অসম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই |
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M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjwj (15 ‡deª“qvix 1564 - 8 Rvbyqvix 1642), whwb M¨vwjwjI bv‡g cwiwPZ, GKRb BZvjxi c`v_©we`, MwbZÁ, cÖhyw³we`, †R¨vwZwe©` Ges `vk©wbK wQ‡jb| wZwb †iu‡bmvi mg‡qi ˆeÁvwbK wec‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb| †Uwj‡¯‹vc Ges mswkó †R¨vwZ‰eÁvwbK ch©‡e¶‡Yi Dbœqb Ges †Kvcvwb©KvwbR‡gi cÖwZ mg_©b Zvi AR©b ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| M¨vwjwjI †K ejv n‡Zv ÒAvaywbK ch©‰e¶wbK †R¨vwZwe`¨vi RbKÓ ÒAvaywbK c`v_©wÁv‡bi RbKÓ ÒweÁv‡bi RbKÓ
ch©‰e¶wbK †R¨vwZwe`¨vq Zvi Ae`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ïµ MÖn‡bi `kvi `~i‰e¶wbK wbwðrKiY, e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni PviwU e„nr DcMÖn Avwe¯‹vi (G¸‡jv M¨vwjwjIi Pvu` bv‡g cwiwPZ) Ges mvb¯úU ch©‡e¶b I we‡klb|
DbœZZi mvgwiK K¤úvm Ges Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ Avwe¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g M¨vwjwjI e¨envwiK weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z I f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb| M¨vwjwjIi Rb¥ 1564 mv‡j BZvwji wcmvq (Pisa) ZrKvjxb †d¬v‡i‡Ý| wZwb wQ‡jb msMxZÁ wfb‡mÄ M¨vwj‡jB Ges wMDwjqv Av¤§vbœvwZ Gi Qq mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ mevi eo| M¨vwjwjI wb‡RI GKRb cÖwZwôZ msMxZÁ n‡q D‡Vb| wZwb Zvi evevi KvQ †_‡K wk¶v cvb wKfv‡e hyw³ w`‡q KZ…©c‡¶i KZ…©Z¡ hvPvB Ki‡Z nq, h_vh_fv‡e cwigvgK…Z cix¶‡bi ¸i“Z¡ KZUzKz, mgq I my‡ii ch©vqµwgK cwigvc‡bi Zvrch©, MwbZ Gi cix¶‡bi (Experiment) h_vh_ mw¤§jb wKfv‡e m¤¢e| M¨vwjwjIi cvuP fvB-‡ev‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb ˆkkeKvj cvi Ki‡Z m¶g nb| mevi †QvU gvB‡K‡jÁv‡bv (Michelagles) cieZ©x‡Z L¨vZbvgv msMxZÁ nb| gvB‡K‡jćjv A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^”Qj wQ‡jb bv| wZwb Zvi `yjvfvB‡K (Brother-in-law) wcZv KZ…©K cÖwZkÖ“Z †hŠZz‡Ki Ask cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| gvB‡K‡jćjv cÖvqB M¨vwjwjIi Kv‡Q msMxZ msµvš— Li‡Pi Rb¨ A_© mvnvh¨ PvB‡Zb| Gme A_©‰bwZK `vq M¨vwjwjI‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib bZzb Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ hv Avi AwZwi³ Av‡qi DrmI wQj| hw`I M¨vwjwjI ag©hvRK n‡q _vK‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, wcZvi B”Qvq wZwb wbmv wek¦we`¨vj‡q (University of Pisa) ‡gwW‡Kj wWwMÖi Rb¨ fwZ© nb| 1581 mv‡j hLb wZwb wPwKrmvkv¯¿ cowQ‡jb| ZLb evZv‡m Qv` †_‡K Szjš— evwZi (Chandelier) ‡`vjb †`‡L mij †`vj‡Ki cÖwZ Drmvnx n‡q I‡Vb Ges mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji mvg¨Zvi ag© Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cieZ©x wµwðqvb nvB‡cb cÖvq 100 eQi ci GB mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ii mvg¨Zvi ag© e¨envwiK Kv‡R e¨envi K‡ib Ges Nwo ˆZwii Kv‡R GB ag© e¨envi Kiv nq|
GB 1581 mvj ch©š— M¨vwjwjI‡K MwYZ †_‡K `~‡i ivLv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ GKw`b R¨AwgwZi Dci GKUv †jKPv‡i †hvM`vb Kivi mgq M¨vwjwjI Zvi wcZvi KvQ †_‡K wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ cwie‡Z© MwbZ I cÖvK…wZK `k©‡b cov‡kvbv Kivi AbygwZ Av`vq K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI _v‡gv©‡¯‹vc (Tharmoscope) Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Ges 1586 mv‡j cÖKvk Kiv †QvU GKwU eB‡q wZwb wb‡Ri Avew¯‹vi Kiv nvB‡Wªvó¨vwUK e¨vjv‡Ýi (Hydrostatic Balance) GKwU bKgv (Design) eY©bv K‡ib|
M¨vwjwjI wW‡RM‡bv (Desegno) bvgK Pvi“Kjvi GKwU kvLvqI cov‡kvbv K‡ib| wZwb 1588 mv‡j †d¬v‡i‡Ýi GKv‡Wwgqv‡o‡j AviwU‡fjwW‡RjM‡bv (Accedemiadelle Artidel Disegno) Gi Bbóªv±i (Instructor) c‡` wb‡qvM cÖvß nb| †d¬v‡i‡Ýi ˆkwíK HwZn¨ Ges †iu‡bmv wkíx‡`i wkíK‡g© wZwb Drmvnx n‡q I‡Vb| Zvi mv‡_ †d¬v‡i‡Ýi wPÎwkíx wm‡Mvjxi (Cigoli) AvRxeb eÜzZ¡ M‡o I‡V|
1589 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI wMmvi Mwb‡Zi mfvcwZ wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| 1591 mv‡j hLb M¨vwjwjIi wcZv gviv hvevi ci †QvU fvB gvB‡K‡i‡Ä‡jvi `vwqZ¡ M¨vwjwjIi Dci ewZ©Z nq| 1592 mv‡j wZwb cvWyqv wek¦we`¨vj‡q (University of Padua) P‡j Av‡mb Ges 1610 mvj ch©š— R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v Ges †R¨vwZweÁvb covb| GB mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ wZwb †gŠwjK weÁv‡bi cvkvcvwk dwjZ weÁv‡bI wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb †R¨vwZkv‡¯¿I (Astrology) AvMÖnx wQ‡jb|
KvwW©bvj †ejviwmb 1615 mv‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb †h, ev¯—e D`vniY Qvov †Kvcvwb©Kvb wm‡÷g‡K cÖgvb Kiv m¤¢e nZ bv| M¨vwjwjI †Rvqv‡ii ZË¡ (Theory of tides) w`‡q c„w_exi MwZ msµvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
M¨vwjwjIi g‡Z c„w_exi wbR A‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K N~Y©b Ges my‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K N~Y©‡bi Kvi‡Y c„w_ex c„ô ch©vqµ‡g MwZkxj Ges k_ (Slow down) n‡q hvq Ges Gi d‡j mvM‡ii cvwb ev‡o I K‡g| Zvi ZË¡ mvM‡ii †ewm‡bi AvKvi-AvK…wZ Ges †Rvqv‡ii mgqKvj m¤ú‡K© ¸i“Z¡c~Y© avibv †`q| A¨vwWªqvwUK mvM‡ii †Rvqv‡iv AmvgÄm¨ Zvi ZË¡ Øviv mwVKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e nq| wKš‘ mvM‡ii †Rvqv‡ii Drm msµvš— Zvi ZË¡ cieZ©x‡Z fyj cÖgvwbZ nq| M¨vwjwjIi ZË¡ Abyhvqx cÖwZw`b GKvevi gvÎ †Rvqvi Avmv DwPr| wKš‘ †Wwb‡m cÖwZw`b `yBevi, 12 N›Uv ci ci †Rvqvi Av‡m| M¨vwjwjI GB AmvgÄm¨Zvi Rb¨ mvM‡ii AvK…wZ, MfxiZv cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y `vq K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K †RvnvÝ †Kcjv‡ii (Johannes Kepler) ZË¡ e‡j †h, Pvu‡`i Kvi‡b †Rvqvi-fvUv nq| M¨vwjwjI †Kcjv‡ii GB ZË¡‡K evwZj K‡i †`b| †Kcjvi †h MÖ‡ni Dce„ËvKvi K¶c‡_i avibv w`‡qwQ‡jb ZvI MvwjwjI MÖnb K‡ibwb| M¨vwjwjIi ZZ¡ wQj †h MÖn‡bi K¶c_ Perfect e„ËvKvi|
1619 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Collegio Romano Gi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK dv`vi IivwRIMÖvwm (Orazioa Grassi) Gi mv‡_ weev‡` Rwo‡q c‡ob| 1623 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI `¨ A¨vmvqvi (The Assayer) cÖKvk K‡ib| `¨ A¨vmvqv‡i wKfv‡e weÁvb PPv© Kiv DwPr Zv m¤ú‡K© M¨vwjwjI Zvi gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib| 1619 mv‡j ayg‡KZzi cÖK…wZi Dci dv`vi MÖvwm “As Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618” bvgK GKwU †jLv cÖKvk K‡ib| GB †jLvi M¨vwm e‡jb †h, ayg‡KZz GKwU AwMœ‡MvjK †hUv c„w_ex †_‡K mg`~i‡Z¡i GKwU eo e„‡Ëi Askwe‡kl eivei Pj‡Z _v‡K| †h‡nZz GB a~g‡KZzwU Pvu‡`i †P‡q ax‡i P‡j, †m‡nZz GwU Aek¨B Pvu‡`i †P‡q `~‡i _v‡K|
gvwiI ¸BWywm (Mario Guiducci) bvgK GK †d¬v‡iwUb AvBbRxwe Discourse on the coments bvgK GKwU †j„Lvi Îvwmi Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| GB †j©LvwUi AwaKvsk Avm‡j M¨vwjwjI wb‡RB †j‡Lb| M¨vwjwjI Ges ¸BWywm †Kvb wbw`©ó ZË¡ †`bwb, Zviv wKQy AbygvbwfwËK avibv †`b| hv cieZ©x‡Z fyj e‡j cÖgvwbZ nq| †jLvwU‡Z Zviv ag©hvRK Christopher Scheiver Ges Collegio Romano Gi Aa¨vcK‡`i cÖwZ Acgvbm~PK gš—e¨ K‡ib| G‡Z ag©hvRKiv ivMvwš^Z nb Ges Îvwm Gi Reve †`b The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance bvgK †jLvq M¨vwjwjIi mv‡_ Îvwmi ؇Üi Kvi‡Y A‡bK ag© hvRKB hviv M¨vwjwjIi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ‡jb, Îvwmi c¶ ‡bb| M¨vwjwjI Ges Zvi eÜziv Gme ag©hvRK‡`i‡KB M¨vwjwjIi `yie¯’vi Rb¨ `vqx K‡ib|
K¨vw_K mgv‡R M¨vwjwjIi mv‡_ Pv‡P©i msNv‡Zi cy‡e© AwaKvsk wkw¶Z gvbylB A¨vwióU‡ji wRI‡mw›UªK (Geocentric) `k©‡bi Abymvix wQ‡jb| A¨vwi÷U‡ji Geocentric `k©b n‡jv c„w_ex gnvwe‡k¦i †K›`ª Ges gnvKv‡gi mKj e¯‘ c„w_exi Pvwi‡`‡K †Nv‡i| evB‡e‡ji wewfbœ Dw³ GB `k©b‡K mg_©b K‡i|
wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI GB wRI‡gwUªK `k©‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina ‡Z e‡jb †h Zvi Ae¯’vb evB‡e‡ji Dw³i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K bq| M¨vwjwjI AMvwówbqAb (Augustinian) Av`©k‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb †h, evB‡e‡ji KweZv, Mvb, wb‡`©kbv A_ev HwZnvwmK e³e¨‡K memgq Av¶wiKZfv‡e †bIqvi `iKvi bvB|
M¨vwjwjIi GB e¨vL¨v‡K KvDwÝj Ae †Uª›U (Council of Trent) evB‡e‡ji Aegvbbv wn‡m‡e Mb¨ K‡i| M¨vwjwjI †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi cÖwZ Zvi mg_©‡bi mc‡¶ hyw³ w`‡Z †iv‡g hvb| 1616 mv‡j PvP© †Nvlbv K‡i †h †nwjI‡mw›UªRg (Helocentrism) GKUv †evKvwgc~Y© Ges Aev¯—e `k©b| (cvc cj) M¨vwjwjI‡K †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi gZvgZ‡K Z¨vM Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| cieZ©x GK `kK M¨vwjwjI GB weZwK©Z welq †_‡K wb‡R‡K `~‡i iv‡Lb| M¨vwjwjI BbKzBwRm‡bi (Inquisition) KvQ †_‡K h_vh_ AbygwZ wb‡q 1632 mv‡j Dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems” bv‡g GKwU eB cÖKvk K‡ib| †cvc Avievb VIII (Pope Urban VIII) e¨w³MZfv‡e M¨vwjwjI‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib †h M¨vwjwjI ‡hb Zvi eB‡Z †nwjI‡gw›UªR‡gi wec‡¶ e³e¨ †`b| †cvc AviI Aby‡iva K‡ib †h, Zvi wb‡Ri `„wófw¼‡K †hb M¨vwjwjI Zvi eB‡Z Aš—f~©³ K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI ïaygvÎ †cv‡ci †kl Aby‡iva i¶v K‡ib|
M¨vwjwjI‡K 1632 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i G‡m Zvi †jLvi e¨vL¨v †`Iqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`Iqv nq| wZwb 1633 mv‡ji †deª“qvix‡Z †iv‡g wM‡q †cŠQvb| Zv‡K BbKzBwRUi Vincenzo Maculani Gi mvg‡b wePv‡ii Rb¨ Avbv nq| wePviKvjxY mg‡q M¨vwjwjI e‡jb †h 1616 mv‡j wZwb evB‡e‡ji cÖwZ wei“×vPviYg~jK †Kvb g‡bvfve bv ivLvi cÖwZkÖ“wZ i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e †kl ch©š— wZwb ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb †h, Zvi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ wfbœ n‡jI cvVK Zvi †jLv c‡o fve‡Z cv‡ib †h, M¨vwjwjIi eB Avm‡j †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi ZË¡‡K mg_©b Ki‡Q|
22 †k Ryb M¨vwjwjIi wei“‡Ï kvw¯— †Mvlbv Kiv nq
• M¨vwjwjIi `k©b evB‡ej we‡ivax|
• M¨vwjwjI‡K Kviv`Û cÖ`vb Kiv nj|
• M¨vwjwjIi Dialogue eBwU wbwl× Kiv nj|
M¨vwjwjI‡K M„ne›`x K‡i ivLv nq| GB mg‡q M¨vwjwjI Zvi Ab¨Zg PgrKvi KvR Two New Sciences wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GB eB‡Z wZwb MwZwe`¨v Ges e¯‘i `„pZv wb‡q Zvi Pwjk eQi Av‡Mi Kv‡Ri mvivsk wjwce× K‡ib| Zvi GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ M¨vwjwjIK ÒAvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| M¨vwjwjI 1638 mv‡j m¤úyY©iƒ‡c AÜ n‡q hvq| wZwb †e`bv`vqK nvwb©qv Ges wb`ªvnxbZvq fyMwQ‡jb Ges wPwKrmvi Rb¨ †d¬v‡i‡Ý hvevi AbygwZ cvb|
1642 mvj ch©š— M¨vwjwjIi mv‡_ `k©bv_©x‡`i †`Lv Ki‡Z cviZ| R¡i Ges ü`‡iv‡Mi fy‡M M¨vwjwjI 8B Rvbyqvix 1642 mv‡j 77 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb| ZzmKwbi MÖvÛ wWDK (Grand Duke of Tuscany) dvwW©b¨vÛ (Fendinando II) M¨vwjwjI‡K Zvi wcZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ c~e©cyi“l‡`i cv‡k Kei¯’ Kivi cÖ¯—ve †`b Ges M¨vwjwjIi m¤§v‡b GKwU gv‡e©‡ji ¯§„wZdjK evbv‡bvi cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| wKš‘ †cvc Avievb VIII Ges Zvi fvM‡b KvwW©bvj d«v‡Ý‡¯‹v ev‡awiwb (Cordinal Francesco Barberini) Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib| †kl ch©š— M¨vwjwjI‡K †bvwW‡mi P¨v‡c‡ji (Novices chapel) cv‡k GKwU †QvU N‡i mgvwnZ Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡K 1737 mv‡j e¨vwmwjKvi cÖavb As‡k cybt mgvwnZ Kiv nq Ges Zvi m¤§v‡b GKwU ¯§„wZ¯—¤¢ wbg©vY Kiv nq|
mv‡q‡›UwdK †g_Wt
M¨vwjwjI MwZkxj e¯‘i AvPi‡bi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v`v‡bi †¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb| AvaywbK wPš—vwe`‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB me©cÖ_g cÖK…wZi wbqgvejxi MvwbwZK AvPiY Abyaveb Ki‡Z m¶g nb| cÖPwjwZ KZ©„c‡¶i KZ…‡Z¡i wei“×vPiY Kiv wQj Zvi Rb¥MZ ˆewkó¨ wZwb mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ weÁvcb‡K `k©b ag© †_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z m¶g nb| wZwb ch©‡e¶bcÖvß Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ wb‡Ri `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡b m¶g wQ‡jb| wZwb ˆ`N¨© Ges mg‡qi ÷¨vÛvW© ˆZwi K‡ib| Gi d‡j wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ mg‡qi Kiv G•‡cwi‡g›U¸‡jA‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| M¨vwjwjI Mwb‡Zi mv‡_ ZvwË¡K Ges e¨envwiK c`v_©weÁv‡bi h_vh_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b m¶g nb| Nl©Y Ges Ab¨vb¨ evavi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mylgfv‡e Z¡wiZ ïb¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘ c¨viv‡evjv ev cive„ËvKvi c‡_ Mgb K‡i-G ZË¡I M¨vwjwjI cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb Aek¨ Zvi G Z‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb| wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z m¶g nb †h, hw` k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘i MwZc‡_i AvKvi c„w_exi AvKv‡ii KvQvKvwQ nq, Z‡e e¯‘wUi MwZc_ cive„ËvKvi n‡e bv|
M¨vwjwjI 1609 mv‡j wZb¸b (3x) weea©b (Magnification) m¤úbœ GKU `~iexb (Telescope) evbvb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb `~iexbwUi weea©b ¶gZv wÎk¸b (30x) evbvb| GB `~iexb w`‡q M¨vwjwI AvKvk ch©‡e¶b Ki‡Zb| 25 †k AvMó 1609 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Gme `~iex¶b hš¿ (Telescope) me©m¤§y‡L Av‡bb| M¨vwjwjI &me `~iex¶b hš¿ ewbK‡`i Kv‡QI wewµ Ki‡Zb| wZwb `~iex¶b hš¿ w`‡q gnvwek¦ ch©‡e¶b K‡i Zvi ch©‡e¶b mg~n 1610 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Sidereus Nuncius bvgK †jLvi cÖKvk K‡ib|
UvB‡Kv eªv‡n Ges Ab¨vb¨iv 1572 mv‡j GKwU mycvi‡bvfv (Supernova) ch©‡e¶b K‡ib| AUvwWI †eª‡Ävwbi (Ottavio Brenzoni) wPwV 1572 mv‡ji mycvi‡bvfv Ges 1610 mv‡ji wKQy Aby¾j †bvfv‡K (Nova) M¨vwjwjIi bR‡i Av‡b| M¨vwjwjI 1604 mv‡j †Kcjv‡ii mycvi †bvfv‡K ch©‡e¶b I we‡klb K‡ib| wZwb wm×v‡š— DcwbZ nb †h, ch©‡e¶YK…Z e¯‘¸‡jv Avm‡j `~ieZ©x Zviv| Gi d‡j Gwi÷U‡ji ¯^‡M©i AcwieZ©YkxjZv (Immutability of the heavens) Gi avibv fyj cÖgvwbZ nq|
1610 mv‡ji 7 B Rvbyqvix M¨vwjwjI Zvi †Uwj‡¯‹vc w`‡q e„n¯úwZi KvQvKvwQ wZbwU| w¯’i †QvU nIqvi Kvi‡Y A`„k¨ Zviv (Star) ‡`L‡Z cvb| Zviv¸‡jv e„n¯úwZi mv‡_ GKB mij‡iLv eivei Ae¯’vb KiwQj| K‡qKw`b ci †`Lv †Mj ÔZvivÕ ¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Q hv cÖPwjZ ZZ¡ Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡”Q bv| 10 B Rvbyqvix M¨vwjwjI †Lqvj Ki‡jb †h, Zviv¸‡jvi GKwU A`„k¨ n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb avibv K‡ib †h ZvivwU e„n¯úwZi Avov‡j P‡j †M‡Q| wKQy w`b ci wZwb GB wm×v‡š— DcwbZ nb †h Zviv¸‡jv e„n¯úwZ‡K cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Q| PZz_© Av‡iKwU GiKg Zviv (Star) M¨vwjwjI 13 Rvbyqvix Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI G‡`i bvg †`b Medicean Star M¨vwjwjI Avm‡j e„n¯úwZi PviwU e„nr DcMÖn Avew¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| M¨vwjwjIi GB Avwe¯‹vi Gwi÷U‡ji gnvKvk we`¨v‡K fyj cÖgvwbZ K‡i| Gwi÷U‡ji gnvKvkwe`¨vi g~j K_v wQj gnvKv‡ki mKj e¯‘ c„w_ex‡K cÖ`w¶Y K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ †R¨vwZwe©` (Astromner) Ges `vk©wbKiv M¨vwjwjIi GB Avew¯‹vi‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| cieZ©x‡Z wµ‡÷vdvi K¬v‡÷vdvi K¬vwWqvm (Christopher Clavius) M¨vwjwjIi Avew¯‹vi‡K wbwðr (Confirm) K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI cieZ©x 18 gvm Zvi ch©‡e¶b Pvwj‡q hvb Ges 1611 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS D³ PviwU Zvivi cÖ`w¶YKvj wbY©q K‡ib hv †Kcjvi g‡b Ki‡Zb †ei Kiv Am¤¢e|
1610 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m M¨vwjwjI †`‡Lb †h, ïµ MÖn (Venus) Pvu‡`i g‡Zv `kv (Phase) cÖ`k©b K‡i| †KvcvwbKv‡m©i †mŠiM‡Zi Helocentric Model e‡j †h, ïµ MÖ‡ni mKj `kv †`Lv hv‡e| Aciw`‡K U‡jwgi Gescentric Model e‡j †h, GUv m¤¢e bq| M¨vwjwjIi †Uwj‡¯‹vc Øviv ch©‡e¶‡bi d‡j U‡jwgi g‡Wj MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j 16k kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K AwaKvsk †R¨vwZwe©` UvB‡KvwbK (Tychonic) ‡Kcbvj (Capellan) Ges ewa©K †Kcbvj g‡Wj (†h¸‡jv Avm‡j Geo-heliocentric g‡Wj) Gi w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| Gme g‡W‡ji cÖwZwUB ïµ MÖ‡ni `kv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i|
M¨vwjwjI kwb MÖn‡K (Saturs) ch©‡e¶b K‡i Gi wis (Ring) ‡K MÖn g‡b K‡ib| wZwb avibv K‡ib †h, GwU Avm‡j GKwU wZb-e¯‘ wewkó wm‡÷g| cieZ©x‡Z hLb wZwb Avevi kwb MÖn‡K †`‡Lb ZLb cwbi wis c„w_exi w`‡K mivmwi mw¤§wjZ (Align) wQj| d‡j M¨vwjwjI g‡b K‡ib †h wZbwU e¯‘i `ywU Avi †bB| cieZ©x‡Z 1616 mv‡j hLb wiswU Avevi †`Lv hvq, ZLb M¨vwjwjI weåv&Z n‡q c‡o| M¨vwjwjI 1612 mv‡j ‡bcPzb (Neptune) ch©‡e¶b K‡ib| wZwb GUv‡K g‡b K‡ib Aby¾j Zviv (Star) | wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb †h GUv Avm‡j GKUv MÖn|
‡mŠiKj¼ (Sunspot) ‡K ch©‡e¶Kvix Ab¨Zg cÖ_g BD‡ivcxqvb n‡jb M¨vwjwjI|‡KcjviI †mŠiKj¼ †`L‡Z cvb wKš‘ G‡K eya MÖn g‡b K‡ib| †mŠiKj¼ Ges Francescosizzi I Ab¨vb¨ KZ…©K 1612-13 mv‡j †`Lv †mŠiKj‡¼i evrmwiK MwZi (Movement) ZviZg¨ U‡jwÝ Ges GwióU‡ji w¯’i gnvwe‡k¦i aviYvi wei“‡× kw³kvjx (Variation) hyw³ (Argument) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
M¨vwjwjIi c~‡e© Thomas Harriat bv‡g GKRb Bs‡iR MwYZwe` I ch©UK (Explorer) Pvu‡`i A™¢yZ `vM( Strange Spottedness) ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI Pvu` ch©‡e¶b K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, G¸‡jv Avm‡j Pvu‡`i c„‡ôi cvnvo Ge Mnei (Crater) | GB ch©‡e¶bI Gwi÷U‡ji avibvi we‡ivax, KviY Gwi÷Uj `vex Ki‡Zb †h Pvu` n‡jv wbLyuZ †MvjK|
Qvqvc_ Milky way ‡K Av‡M g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †beyjv (Nebubus). wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI ch©‡e¶b K‡i †`‡Lb †h, Qvqvc_ Avm‡j AmsL¨ Zvivi Nb mwbœ‡ekb| GB mwbœ‡ek‡K c„w_ex †_‡K †`L‡j †gN g‡b nq| M¨vwjwjI Ggb A‡bK Zviv‡K c„w_ex †_‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb †h¸‡jv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| wZwb 1617 mv‡j Dimv †gRi (Ursa Major) Gi wØZviv (Double star) wgRvi (Mizar) ‡`L‡Z cvb|
M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci Øviv †`L‡Z cvb †h, Zviv Ges MÖn mevB †`L‡Z †MvjvKvi I Zvivi e¨vm Aí wKQy †m‡KÛ (a few seconds of arc) Dialogue concerning the two Chief World System-1 M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹vc QvovB Zvivi AvK…wZ gvcvi GKwU c×wZ eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb Zviv Ges `„wói gv‡S GKwU cvZjv `wo Szwj‡q †`b| Zvi ci `wowU †_‡K me©wbæ KZ`~i †_‡K `woi wfZi w`‡q Zvivi w`‡K ZvKv‡j ZvivwU †`Lv hv‡e bv Zv gvcv nq| Zvici `woi cÖ¯’ gvcv n‡j GB `yB Z_¨ Øviv Zvivi e¨vm KZUzKz †Kvb (Angle) ˆZwi Ki‡Q Zv gvcv hvq| M¨vwjwjI e‡jb †h, Zvivi e¨v‡mi HwKK Ni (first magnitude) cvuP †m‡K‡Ûi (Arcsecond) †ewk bq| M¨vwjwjI eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb †h, Zvivi †h e¨vm wZwb †g‡cwQ‡jb Zv e¨vwZPvi (Differaction ) evqygÛ‡ji Øviv weK…wZi Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z gvb †_‡K m‡i Av‡m|
eZ©gv‡b cÖhyw³we`¨v (Engineering) bv‡g cwiwPZ weÁv‡bi kvLvqI M¨vwjwjI we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1595 †_‡K 1598 mv‡ji g‡a¨ M¨vwjwjI wWI‡gwUªK I wgwjUvix K¤úv‡mi e¨vcK Dbœqb mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| GB K¤úvm †Mvj›`vR (Gunner) Ges f~wg RwicKvix‡`i (Surveyor) we‡kl Kv‡R jvM‡Zv| †Mvj›`vR GB K¤úvm e¨envi K‡i Kvgvb (Cannon) w`‡q mwVK j‡¶¨ †Mvjv wb‡¶c Ki‡Z cviZ, †Mvjv wb‡¶‡ci Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq evi“‡`i (Gunpowder) wnmve Ki‡Z cviZ| Aciw`‡K f~wg RwicKvixiv GB K¤úvm w`‡q mgavZz eûf~R ˆZwi K‡i Gi †¶Îdj †ei Ki‡Z cviZ| M¨vwjwjI GB K¤úvm wewµ K‡i †ek Avq-‡ivRMvi K‡iwQ‡jb|
1593 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI _v‡gv©wgUvi (Thermometer) ‰Zwi K‡ib| wZwb G‡Z ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ evZv‡mi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡bi m¤úK©‡K Kv‡R jvMvb Ges GKwU wUD‡ei (Tube) ga¨ w`‡q cvwbi ¯—i‡K DVv-bvgv Kivb|
1609 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Ges _gvm n¨vwiqU (Thomas Harriot) bvgK GK Bs‡iRx me©cÖ_g AvKv‡ki Zviv (Star) ‡`L‡Z cÖwZmiY-`~iex¶Y hš¿ (Refracting telescope) e¨envi K‡ib| †Uwj‡¯‹vc (Telescope) bvgwU Av‡m MÖxK kã tele hvi A_© `~i (far) Ges skopein hvi A_© †`Lv ( to look or see) †_‡K | 1610 mvj †_‡K M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹vc e¨envi K‡i KxU-cZ½ ch©‡e¶b Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1624 mv‡ji g‡a¨ M¨vwjwjI Compound Microscope ‰Zwi K‡i †d‡jb| gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc (Microscope) ev Abyex¶Y bvgwU G‡m‡Q MÖxK kã micro hvi A_© †QvU Ges Skopein hvi A_© †`Lv (to look at) _v‡K|
1612 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI cÖ¯—ve K‡ib †h, e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni DcMÖ‡ni Ae¯—vb‡K gnv‰ewk¦K Nwo (Universal Clock) wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| G c×wZ‡Z c„w_exi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgvskI (longitude) ‡ei Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ 1681 mv‡j Giovanni domevics cassini me©cÖ_g mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qQ‡jb| M¨vwjwjI Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q hLb AÜ n‡qwM‡qwQ‡jb, ZLb †cÛyjvg Nwoi Rb¨ escapement c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 1650 mv‡ji w`‡K Christiaan Huggens cÖ_g Kvh©¶g †cÛyjvg Nwo evbv‡Z m¶g nb|
M¨vwjwjIi ZvwË¡K Ges e¨envwiK c`v_©weÁvb PPv© Sir Isaac Newton Gi cÖ_vMZ ejwe`¨v Classical Mechanics) Gi Avwe¯‹v‡i we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| mij †`vjK (Pendulum) wb‡q †ek wKQy cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi ci M¨vwjwjI `vex K‡ib †h, mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj †`vj‡Ki †`vj‡bi we¯—v‡ii Dci wb©f©i K‡i bv| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z nvB‡mb (Huygens) ‡`Lvb †h, M¨vwjwjIi GB `vex wKQy we‡kl ‡¶‡Îi Rb¨ mZ¨| M¨vwjwjI Av‡iv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †h, mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji eM© ‡cÛyjv‡gi ˆ`‡N¨©i mgvbycvwZK| M¨vwjwjIi Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡cyY© KvR Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ wZwb Lye GKUv cwiwPZ bb| Zvi GB KvRwU k‡ãi K¤úbv‡¼i mv‡_ RwoZ| wZwb chisel ‡K wewfbœ MwZ‡Z N‡l †`Lvb †h, Chisel Frequency Gi Lv‡Ri `~i‡Z¡i mv‡_ Drcbœ k‡ãi m¤úK© Av‡Q| 1638 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI `yBRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki Øviv Av‡jvi †eM gvcvi GKwU c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K ch©‡e¶‡K XvKbvmn GKwU K‡i evwZ †`b| ch©‡e¶KØq ci¯úi n‡Z `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖ_g ch©‡e¶K Zvi evwZi XvKbv Ly‡j Ges wØZxq Rb cÖ_g R‡bi Av‡jv †`Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Ri evwZi XvKbv Ly‡j †`q| cÖ_g R‡bi evwZi XvKbv †Lvjv Ges wØZxq R‡bi Av‡jv †`Lvi g‡a¨Kvi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nj ch©‡e¶K؇qi g‡a¨Kvi `~iZ¡ Av‡jv `yBevi AwZµg Ki‡Z †h cwigvb mgq †bq Zvi mgvb| M¨vwjwjI †`‡Lb †h, hw` ch©‡e¶K؇qi g‡a¨Kvi `~iZ¡ GK gvB‡ji Kg nq| Zvn‡j Av‡jvi †eM GB c×wZ‡Z gvcv hvq bv| g‡b nq Av‡jv †hb Zvr¶wYKfv‡e GB `yiZ¡ AwZµg K‡i‡Q|
M¨vwjwjI Av‡cw¶KZvev‡`i g~j m~ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| m~ÎwU n‡jv †h‡Kvb system hw` mij‡jLv eivei wbw`©ó †e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e H system G c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~θ‡jv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e, system Gi †eM A_ev w`‡Ki Dci myθ‡jv wbf©i Ki‡e bv| myZivs cig w¯’wZ ev cig MwZ e‡j wKQy bvB|
wfb‡mv‡Rv wfwfqvwb (Vincenzo Viviani) bvgK M¨vwjwjIi GK QvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb †h, M¨vwjwjI wcmvi †njv‡bv wgbvi †_‡K GKB c`v‡_©i ˆZwi wfbœ f‡ii `ywU ej (ball) ‡d‡j †`wL‡qwQ‡jb †h, Zv‡`i cZ‡bi mgq Zv‡`i f‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡ibv| wKš‘ Gwi÷Uj e‡jwQ‡jb †h, fvix e¯‘ nvjKv e¯‘i †P‡q `ª“Z wb‡P c‡o| M¨vwjwjI Avm‡jB GB cix¶v K‡iwQ‡jb wKbv Gi †Kvb cÖgvb bvB, Z‡e BwZnvmwe`iv a‡i †bb †h, GwU GKwU wPš—v-cix¶v (Thought Experiment) `vex K‡ib †h, GB cix¶vwU d‡j K‡iwQ‡jb Simon stevin 1586 mv‡j †WjdU (Delft ) Gi GKwU Pv‡P©i UvIqv‡i|
1638 mv‡j wWm‡Kvwm© (Discorsi) ‡Z M¨vwjwjIi GKwU PwiÎ mvjwfqvwZ (Salviati) hv‡K M¨vwjwjIi gyLcvÎ (Spokesman) wn‡m‡e aiv nq| e‡jb †h, wfbœ f‡ii e¯‘ ïY¨ gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q mgf‡i cwZZ nq| M¨vwjwjI cÖ¯—ve K‡ib †h, coš— e¯‘ hw` †Kvb gva¨‡gi wfZi w`‡q cwZZ nq Ges e¯‘i Dci gva¨g KZ…©K cÖ‡qvMK…Z evav hw` D‡c¶v Kivi g‡Zv nq| Z‡e e¯‘wU mgZ¡i‡b (Uniform Acceleration) G cwZZ n‡Z _vK‡e| †Kvb e¯‘ hw` w¯’ive¯’v †_‡K mgZ¡i‡b Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e †m e¯‘i mwVK MZxq m~Î (Kinematical Law) M¨vwjwjI †ei K‡ib| m~ÎwU n‡jv AwZµvš— `~iZ¡ AwZevwnZ mg‡qi e‡Y©i mgvbycvwZK (dt2) | M¨vwjwjIi c~‡e© wb‡Kvj A‡im‡g (Nicole Oresme) 14 Zg kZ‡K mg‡e‡M MwZkxj e¯‘i mg‡qi e‡M©i m~ÎwU Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Wwgb‡Mv wW †mv‡Uv (domingo de soto) 16k kZvwã‡Z `vex K‡ib †h, e¯‘ hw` mylg gva¨‡gi (Homsgeneous medium) ga¨ w`‡q co‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e mgZ¡i‡b Z¡wiZ n‡e| M¨vwjwjI GB mg‡qi e‡M©i m~ÎwU R¨vwgwZiK AvKvi (Geometrical construction) Ges mwVK MvwbwZK kã e¨envi K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g nb|
wZwb Av‡iv `vex K‡ib †h, e¯‘i Dci †Kvb ej we‡kl K‡i Nl©b ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv bv n‡j e¯‘wU mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vK‡e| Aciw`‡K A¨vwi÷Uj e‡jwQ‡jb †h, e¯‘ ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K (naturally slow down) Ges GK mgq †_‡g hvq hw` bv Zvi Dci †Kvb ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| hw`I RoZv (Inertia) Gi avibv A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB A‡b‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb, M¨vwjwjI me© cÖ_g G avibv‡K MvwbwZK iƒc †`b, cix¶v Øviv cÖgvb K‡ib Ges Nl©b e‡ji avibv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Zvi GB avibv wbDU‡bi MZxq m~‡Îi (Newton’s law of motion) Gi cÖ_gwU‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ Av‡Q|
M¨vwjwjI e¨envwiK c`v_© weÁv‡b Mwb‡Zi cÖ‡qvM (Application) NwU‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi MvwbwZK c×wZ n‡jv Zvi mg‡qi Av`k© ¯^iƒc| M¨vwjwjI wKQy MwYZI Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi g‡a¨ AbZ¨Zg nj Golileo’s Paradox. GwU e‡j †h, hZ¸‡jv msL¨v Av‡Q ZZ¸‡jv wbLyuZ eM© Av‡Q, wKš‘ AwaKvsk b¤^iB wbLyuZ eM© bq|
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