নিলস বোর: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
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| signature = Niels Bohr Signature.svg
| footnotes =
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bxjg ‡nbwiK †WwfW †evi 7B A‡±vei 1885 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 18 Bs b‡f¤^i 1962 mv‡j g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb †Wwbk c`v_©weÁvbx wQ‡jb| whwb cigvbyi MVb Ges †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Rb¨ 1922 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb| †evi GKRb `vk©wbK wQ‡jb Ges ˆeÁvwbK M‡elbvq AMÖMwZ mvab K‡ib|
‡evi GUwgK ev cigvbyi †evi g‡Wj †W‡fjc K‡ib, hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q B‡jKUªb cvigvbweK wWDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K e„ËvKvi K¶c‡_ N~Y©vqgvb _v‡K Ges B‡jKUªb GK K¶c_ ev kw³¯—i †_‡K Ab¨ K¶c‡_ jvd w`‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I Ab¨vb¨ g‡Wj Øviv †evi g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv eySv hvq Z‡e AvÛvijvBb bxwZ GLbI ˆea| wZuwb GB bxwZ avibv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ wfbœ fv‡e we‡klU Ki‡j wKQy ˆewkó Awgj i‡q‡Q †hgb B‡jKUª‡bi Zi½ag© i‡q‡Q A_©¨vr B‡jKUªb‡K Zi½ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq Ges Kbv ag© I i‡q‡Q| B‡jKUª‡bi Zi½ I Kbv avibvi Rb¨ †ev‡ii avibvwU `vk©wbK Ges ˆeÁvwbK avibv †_‡K AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
weÁvbx †evi †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡q ZvwË¡K c`v_© weÁvb BbwówUDU cÖwZôv K‡ib hv GLb bxjm †evi BbwówUDU bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB BbwówUDU 1920 mv‡j Pvjy nq| weÁ civgk©`vZv †evi Gi mv‡_ mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Zb weÁvbx †nbm ‡µgvi, A¯‹vi, †K¬Bb, RR© wW †n‡e‡mB Ges Iqvbv©i nvB‡mbevM© wRi‡dviwbqv‡gi gZ avZzi Aw¯—‡Z¡i fwelrevbx K‡b cieZ©x‡Z hvi bvgKib Kiv nq nvdwbqvg †hwU ‡Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b Avwe¯‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici †evahv‡gi bvgKib Kiv nq|
1930 mv‡j †evi bvwRm‡gi kibv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Rvgv©bxiv hLb †WbgvK© `Li K‡i †djbb ZLb †evi Rvgv©b cvigvbweK kw³ cÖK‡íi cÖavb nvB‡WRb ev‡M©i mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib| 1943 mv‡j wZwb Rvg©vbx‡`i nv‡Z e›`x nb Zvi ci myB‡W‡b cvwj‡q hvb| Zvici wZwb weª‡U‡b hvb †mLv‡b wM‡q wUDe A¨vjq cvigvwbeK A¯¿ cÖK‡í †hvM †`b Avi GB cvigvwbeK A¯¿ cÖKíwU g¨vbnvUb cÖK‡íi GKwU Ask wQj| hy‡×i ci †evi cvigvbweK kw³i Dci Avš—vRv©wZK mn‡hvwMZvi WvK‡`b| wZwb mv‡b©i (mvb n‡”Q cvigvbweK M‡elbvi †K›`ªwe›`y) cÖwZôvi mgq Gi †Wwbk cvigvbweK kw³ Kwgk‡bi cÖwZôvi mgq mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| 1957 mv‡j bwW©K ZvwË¡K c`v_© weÁv‡bi cÖ_g †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb|
1855 mv‡ji 7B A‡±vei ‡Wbgv‡K©i †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b bxjg †evi Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib Zvi evev gv‡qi wZb mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb wQ‡jb wØZxq| Zvi evev wµóvqvb †evi †Kv‡cb †n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mvB‡KvjwRi Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb| Zvi gv G‡jb GWjvi wQ‡jb m¤ú`kvjx Ges weL¨vZ e¨vsK Kg©KZv †Wwbk RyBk cwiev‡ii wQ‡jb| Zvi eo †evb †Rwb Gi †QvU fvB †nqvì| ‡Rwb wQ‡jb wk¶K wKš‘ †nqvì wQ‡jb MwbZwe` Gi A‡jw¤úK dzUejvi|
hLb †ev‡ii eqm mvZ eQi ZLb wZwb Mv‡gj‡nvjg jvwZb ¯‹z‡j co‡Zb| 1903 mv‡j †evi †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvÛviMÖvRy‡qU wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfy³ nb| Zvui cÖavb elq wQj c`v_© weÁvb, †Kv‡cb †n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi H mg‡q c`va© weÁv‡bi GKgvÎ Aa¨vcK wµwóqvb wµwóqvb‡g‡bi AvÛv‡i covïbv Ki‡Zb| wZuwb ‡R¨vwZc`v_©weÁvb co‡Zb Aa¨vcK †_viv‡fì w_wji AvÛv‡i Ges `k©b co‡Zb Aa¨vcK †nqvì †nvdwWs‡qi AvÛv‡i 1879 mv‡j weÁvbx jW i¨vwj Wij c`v‡_©i c„ôUvb (c„ôUv‡bi Rb¨B Wijc`v‡_©i Kbv¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K) cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v ev c×wZ cÖ¯—ve K‡ib; Avi GB cix¶vi Rb¨ 1905 mv‡j i‡qj †Wwbk GKv‡Wwg Ad mv‡qÝ GÛ †jUvi †Mvì †g‡Wj KgwcwUk‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡ib| GwU ev®ú †dvqvivi e¨vmv‡a©i ¯ú›`‡bi K¤úv‡¼i mv‡_ RwoZ| †h‡nZz Zvui wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †Kvb c`v_© weÁv‡bi j¨ve‡iUix wQj bv †m‡nZz †m Zvi evevi j¨ve‡iUvix‡Z A‡bK cix¶v Pvwj‡q‡Q Gi cix¶v †k‡l †m Mvm Iq¨vi, †UówUDe ˆZix K‡i‡Q| i¨v‡j ZË¡ Gi Zvui c×wZ‡K GKmv‡_ wgjv‡Z wM‡q Gi Amxg we¯—v‡ii cwie‡Z© mmxg we¯—vi cwigvc, Zij c`v‡_©i gv›`ªZv Ges i¨v‡j ZË¡ I Zvi c×wZ‡K GK Ki‡Z wM‡q †m Zvi g~j KvR †_‡K m‡i wM‡qwQj| Zvi ci †m †h †ccvi †km g~n~©‡Z cvwV‡qwQj †mwUB cieZ©x‡Z †bv‡ej cyi“¯‹vi cvq| cieZ©x‡Z H †ccv‡ii DbœxZ msKjb jì‡bi i‡qj †mvmvBwU‡Z cvewj‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ cvVvb|
1909 mv‡j †evi Gi †nivì `yB fvB‡qi g‡a¨ †nivì me© cÖ_g Mwb‡Z gvóvm© wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| †evi AviI bv gvg ci †mwU AR©b K‡ib| Qv·`i Zv‡`i mycvifvBm‡ii Kv‡Q w_wmm mvewgU Ki‡Z nZ| †ev‡ii mycvi fvBmi wQj wµwóqvb| †evi B‡jKUª‡bi †gUvj ZË¡ w_wmm welq wnmv‡e cQ›` K‡iwQj| †evi cieZ©xKv‡j Zvi gvóvm© w_wmm wc.GBP.wW w_wmm wnmv‡e we¯Z…Z K‡ib| wZwb cieZ©x‡Z cj WªyW Gi †nbwi j‡ićRi ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv †_‡K GB wm×v‡š— †cŠ‡Qb †h, avZe c`v‡_© B‡jKUªb M¨v‡mi gZ AvPib K‡i| †evi j‡i‡›U‡Ri AvR‡K we¯Z…Z Ki‡j nj B‡dKU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mvg_©¨ nb wb‡Ri †k‡l ZvB B‡jKUªb ZË¡ avZzi †PŠ¤^Kxq ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb| 1911 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j w_wmm mvewgU K‡ib Ges †mB w_wmm wW‡dÝ †`b| wKš‘ Zvi fvB †nivì Gi Av‡Mi eQi W±‡iU wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| †ev‡ii w_wmm LyeB PgrKvi wQj wKš‘ GwU †¯‹vì‡bvwfqvi evwn‡i LyeB Kg AvKl©bxq wQj KviY GwU †Wwbk fvlvq wjLv wQj †hUv †Kv‡cb †n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wiKqvi‡g›U wQj| 1921 mv‡j WvP c`v_© weÁvbx †nbwiK †Rvnbv W¨vb wjD‡qb GKKfv‡e †ev‡ii ZË¡ †_‡K GKwU ZË¡ †ei K‡ib †hwU †evi f¨vb wjD‡qb ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
1910 mv‡j MwbZwe` bxjm GwiK bij¨vÛi †evb gvi‡MÖ_ bij¨vÛi mv‡_ †evi mv¶vr K‡iwQ‡jb| 1912 mv‡ji 16 GwcÖj †evi †Wbgv‡K©i PvP© †_‡K m`m¨ c` evwZj K‡ib, Zvici wuZwb 1 B AvMó gvi‡MÖ‡_i mv‡_ ¯v‡Mj‡mi UvDb n‡j weevn e܇b Ave× nb| †ev‡ii gZ Zvui fvB †nivì I we‡qi Av‡M Pv‡P©i m`m¨ c` evwZj K‡ib| bxjg Ges gvi‡MÖ‡_i QqRb mš—vb wQj| 1934 mv‡j Zvu‡`i eo mš—vb wµqvqvb †bŠKv `yN©Ubvq gviv hvq Ges Ab¨ Av‡iKRb †gwbbRvBwUm †iv‡M gviv hvq| Av‡iK mš—vb ÒAv‡M †eviÓ GKRb mdj c`v_©weÁvbx wQ‡jb Ges wZuwb 1975 mv‡j Zvui evevi gZB c`v_©weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cvb| †nÝ †nbwiK wQ‡jb Wv³vi, GwiK †KwgK¨vj BwÄwbqvi Ges Avi‡bó wQ‡jb AvBbRxwe| Zvui PvPv †niv‡ìi gZB, Awi‡bó †evi Awjw¤úK †L‡jvqvo wQ‡jb Ges jÛ‡b MÖx¯§ Awjw¤ú‡K wdì nwK †cqvi wnmv‡e AskMÖnY K‡iwQj|
‡evi g‡Wj
1911 mv‡j †evi jÛ‡b P‡j hvb| H mg‡q Aby Ges cvigvbweK MV‡bi Dci cÖPzi ZvwË¡K KvR n‡qwQj| wÎwbwU K‡j‡R Ges †K‡fwÛm j¨ve‡iUix‡Z †R †R _gm‡bi mv‡_ †`Lv n‡qwQj| Zvici wZuwb †Rgm †Rbm Ges †Rv‡md jvg‡ii Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq welqK Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| Zvici wZwb K¨v‡_vW iw•i Dci M‡elbv ïi“ K‡ib wKš‘ Zvui GB M‡elYv _gmb‡K Lye †ekx mš‘ó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e wZwb A‡óªwjqvb weÁvbx DBwjqvg j‡iÝ eªvM Ges wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi g‡Wj _gm‡bi cvg cywWs g‡Wj‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z gv`vi‡dvW© weÁvbx †evi‡K wf‡±vwiqv wek¦we`¨vj‡q †cvó W±iv‡ji Rb¨ wbgš¿b Rvbvb Zvi ci †h_v‡b wM‡q †evi †RjUb WviDBb Gi †jfwm‡qi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡ib|
‡evi 1912 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m Zvi we‡qi Rb¨ †Wbgv‡K© wd‡i hvb Ges Bsj¨vÛ I ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û nvwbgyb Ki‡Z hvb| nvwbgyb †_‡K wd‡i †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖvB‡fU‡Wv‡m›U wnmv‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges ZvcMwe`¨vi Dci K¬vk †bb| 1913 mv‡ji RyjvB ‡_‡K †gwW‡Kj Qv·`i K¬vk †bb|
1913 mv‡ji RyjvB, †m‡Þ¤^i, b‡f¤^i gv‡m Zvi wZbwU weL¨vZ M‡elYv †ccvi cÖKvwkZ nq †h wZbwU ÒUªv‡qvjwRÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ| hv iv`vi‡dv‡W©i wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb Gi cv‡Üi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© n‡q hvq Ges GwUB n‡”Q †evi GUg g‡Wj|
MÖnvby g‡W‡ji aviYv bZzb bq GUv Av‡MB †evi e‡jwQ‡jb †h, MÖn¸‡jv myh©‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ny‡i B‡jKUªb I †Zgbx wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pviw`‡K Ny‡i 1912 mv‡j WvBD‡bi GKwU M‡elYv c‡o †`wL‡qwQ‡jb Avjdv Kbv wKfv‡e wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ B›Uv‡i± K‡i Ges G‡gv‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi f~wgKv Zv †_‡KB weÁvbx †evi KvR ïi“ K‡ib Ges cieZ©x‡Z wZwb e‡jb †h B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K e„ËvKvi K¶c‡_ Ny‡i Ges wZuwb AviI e‡jb †h, †gŠ‡ji ivmvqwbK ag© ewnt¯’ kw³¯—‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †evi AviI e‡jb †h, B‡jKUªb hLb D”P kw³¯—i †_‡K wbæ kw³¯—‡i Mgb K‡i ZLb GKwU †dvUb wbtmib K‡i (†dvUb n‡”Q me‡P‡q ¶z`ªZg Av‡jvK Kbv Ges GKwU †dvU‡bi kw³ E-`q b-K¤úv¼- `-cvsK aª“eK, E-n‡”Q kw³)| GB ZË¡wUB n‡”Q cyivZb †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i g~j wfwË|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvbyi eY©vjx‡iLv eY©bv Kivi Rb¨ 1885 mv‡j †Rvnvb evgvi, evgvi wmwi‡Ri D™¢e K‡ib †hLv‡b,
1 1 1
= RH ( - ) for n= 3,4,5
x 22 n2
‡hLv‡b x n‡”Q †kvwlZ ev wbt†kvwlZ Av‡jvK Kbvi Zi½ ˆ`N¨© Gi RH n‡”Q wiWevM© aª“eK| A‡bK¸‡jv eY©vjx‡iLv avibv evgvi m~·K Qqfv‡e mg_©b K‡i wKš‘ 30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †KD GwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †ev‡ii wZbwU M‡elbvc‡Îi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU ΓwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mg_© nq
2r2mez2c4
RZ=
x3
‡hLv‡b Me B‡jKUª‡bi fi e n‡”Q PvR©, `-cvsK aª“eK Ges z n‡”Q cvigvbweK msL¨v| Z‡e GB g‡W‡ji cÖ_g mgm¨v wQj wc‡Kvwis wmwiR †hBUv bvwK evmvi m~‡Îi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© bq| wKš‘ e‡jb †h, wc‡Kvwis wmwiwR m„wó nq Av‡hvbvBRW wnwjqv‡gi Kvi‡Y, wnwjqvg ci“gvbyi gvÎ B‡jKUªb| GiKg Avq‡bi †mv‡ÎI †evi g‡Wj KvR K‡i| Z‡e A‡bK eq¯‹ c`v_©weÁvbxMb †hgb _gmb, i¨v‡j Ges †nbwiK j‡iÄ †ev‡ii M‡elbv cÎ wZbwU gv‡b Uªv‡ivjwR cQ›` Ki‡Zb bv wKš‘ Zi“b cÖRb¥i weÁvbx †hgb- iv`vi‡dvW©, AvBbóvBb, wnjevU©, g¨vµ‡evb© Ges Avibì mgviwdì e‡jwQ‡jb †h †ev‡ii M‡elbv cÎ we‡klf‡e mdj| †ev‡ii GB wZbwU M‡elYvcÎ me©Rb M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Kvib GwU wewfbœ welq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q †h‡gv‡Z Ab¨vb¨ g‡Wj Zv cv‡iwb Ges Zvi GB g‡Wj Øviv m„ó fwel¨rØvbx c‡i cix¶vjãfv‡e cÖgvwbZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †ev‡ii GUg g‡Wj ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †d‡j‡Q Ges GwU me‡P‡q cwiwPZ cigvby g‡Wj GwU cÖvqB ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri c`v_© Ges imvqb cvV¨ eB‡q †`Lv hvq|
‡evi †gwW‡K‡ji Qv·`i cov‡bvUv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Zb bv| †m wm×vš— ‡bb wZuwb g¨vb‡Póv‡i P‡j hv‡eb Ges †Lv‡b wM‡q WviDB‡bi RvqMvq wiWvi wnmv‡eKvR Ki‡eb †h‡nZz WviDB‡bi eqm †kl| †m ‡Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K QywU wb‡q wb‡q‡Qb Zvici wZwb fvB †njvì Ges dzwc Avbœv GWjv‡ii mv‡_ UvBi‡j QywU KvUvb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb MwUb‡Rb wek¦we`¨vjq Gi jyWBBM g¨vwK&ªwgjvb wek¦we`¨vj‡q cwi`k©b K‡ib Ges mgviwd‡ìi mv‡_ M‡elYvcÎ Uªv‡qvjwR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| H mg‡q cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïi“ n‡q wM‡qwQj ZvB wZwb `ª“Z †Wbgv‡K© P‡j hvb cieZ©©x‡Z †evi Zvui ¯¿x‡K wb‡q Rjc‡_ Bsj¨v‡Û P‡j hvb| †hLv‡b A‡±vei 1914 mvj †_‡K 1916 Gi RyjvB ch©š— wQ‡jb| Aš—eZ©x mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡q c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡M †Pqvi cvimb wnmv‡e wbhy³ nb, hv we‡klfv‡e Zvui Rb¨B m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj Ges H mg‡q Zvi †Wv‡m›Ukxc evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB wZuwb Avevi †gwW‡Kj Qv·`i c`v_©weÁvb cov‡bv ïi“ Ki‡jb| H mg‡q wZwb ivRv wµwóqvb Gi mv‡_ cwiPq nb, whwb LyeB Avb`~Z wQ‡jb †h †evi GKRb weL¨vZ dzUejviI wQ‡jb|
c`v_© weÁvb BbwówUDU t
1917 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡ji w`‡K wZwb ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvb BbwówUDU ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖPvibv Pvjvb| †Wwbk miKvi Ges Kvj©mevM© dvD‡Ûkb I wewfbœ BÛvwóª; †emiKvwi `vZv, RyBk‡`i ‡_‡K cÖPzi UvKv cvb| 1918 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i w`‡K BbwówUDUwU cÖwZôvb K‡ib| GLb GwU bxjm †evi BbwówUDU bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1921 mv‡ji 3iv gvP© †evi cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e GwUi KvR ïi“ K‡ib| GB BbwówUD‡Ui cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v Gi GB mswkó wel‡q M‡elYv Kiv| †evi BbwówUD‡U wek¦weL¨vZ ZvwË¡K c`v_© weÁvbx wewfbœ ai‡bi M‡elYv mswkó Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| †b`vij¨v‡Ûi †nbm †µgvi myB‡R‡b †K¬Bb †cvj¨v‡Ûi †ivgj¨vÛ ZviI Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxMb †ev‡ii Dci LyeB mš‘ó wQ‡jb| Zvui eÜzZ¡c~Y© AvPi‡Y|
‡evi g‡Wj nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi †gvwWfvj KvR K‡i wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ RwUj †gŠ‡ji †gv‡W fvj KvR K‡ibv| B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K my‡i GB avibv †_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡mb Ges cieZ©x‡Z wnDwiwóKm avib cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wZwb †iqvi Av_© †gŠj wb‡q KvR K‡ib †h¸‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e GKB ai‡bi AvPib K‡i| 1924 mv‡j cvDjx LyeB LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bxwZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib hv cvDjxi eR©bbxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ, Avi GwU †evi g‡Wj‡K †ek mg_©b K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z †evi †Mvlbv K‡ib †h, 72bs †gŠjwU †iqvi Av_© †gUvj bq GUvi ivmvqwbK ag© wRi‡Kvwbqv‡gi gZ| d¨v‡Ýi weÁvbx RR© AvievBb‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i‡jb †h 72bs †gŠjwU †mjwUqvg bq| cieZ©x‡Z WvK Kóvi Ges RR© wW n¨veqwm‡q ej‡jb †h †ev‡ii K_vB wVK AvievB‡bi ZË¡ f~j| Zvici †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wgDwRqv‡g wM‡q †gŠjwUi m¨v¤új Kv‡j± K‡i †`Lj GwU wRe‡Kvjwbqv‡gi mv‡_ wgj Av‡Q| Zvici GwUi bvg †`Iqv nq nvdwmqvg|
1923 mv‡j weÁvbx Av_©vi nvj K¤úUb ÔK¤úUb we‡lvcbÓ Avwe¯‹vi Kivi ci A‡bK weÁvbxMb LyeB mš‘ó Av‡jvK Kbv †dvU‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ges B‡jKUªb I †dvUb msL¨v msiw¶Z nq| 1924 mv‡j †evi †K¬gvi I †¯Uvi †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb wek¦we`¨vj‡q KvR Kivi ci GB wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nb Dc‡iv³ ZË¡‡K BKS w_Iwi ejv nq Gi g~j wfwË n‡”Q Zwir Pz¤^Kxq wewKib Ges e¯‘i g‡a¨ wg_w¯Œqv cÖK…wZ eySv|
‡Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb•t
RR© Dn‡jb‡eK Ges m¨vgy‡qj MvDWw¯’‡Zi w¯ú‡bi (B‡jKUª‡bi N~Y©b) avibv wQj 1925 mv‡ji me‡P‡q eo mdjZvi avc| cieZ©x gv‡m †nbwiK j‡i‡Äi W±‡iU MÖn‡Yi cðvk eQi c~©wZ Abyôv‡b †hvM w`‡Z †evi †jB‡W‡b P‡j †M‡jb| hLb Zvi †Uªb nvgey‡M© †Mj ZLb HLv‡b †m cvDjx Ges A‡Uv óvb© Gi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i Ges w¯úb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| †evi e‡jb †h B‡jKUªb Ges Pz¤^Kxq †gv‡W wg_vw¯Œqv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ| Z‡e AvBb÷vB‡bi wi‡jwUwfwU ZË¡ H mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| nvB‡RbevM© 1924 mv‡j cÖ_g †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b Av‡mb Zvici wZwb 1925 mv‡ji Ry‡b MwUb‡R‡b wd‡i hvb Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb•i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AsK †W‡fjcW K‡ib| GB MvwbwZK c×wZ wb‡q hLb g¨v• †evY© Gi mv‡_ K_v e‡jb ZLb †evb© ej‡jb †h GwU g¨vwUªK c×wZ e¨venvi Kiv AviI fvjfv‡e e¨vL¨A Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e GB KvRwU weªwUk c`v_©weÁvbx cj wWivK‡K gy¯^K‡i Ges wZuwb cieZ©x‡Z †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b G‡m GKmv‡_ KvR K‡ib| Zi½ ejwe`¨v e¨venvi K‡i †Kvqv›Uvg ebwe`¨v‡K K¬vwm‡Kjx cÖKvk Kivq c×wZ †`‡L †evi Gi gy¯^nb|
B‡jKUª‡bi Kbv Ges Zi½ `yB ai‡bi ag© i‡q‡Q GwU 1927 mv‡j wW eªMjx cix¶vg~jKfv‡e cÖgvb K‡ib| GwU ï‡b †evi LyeB Avbw›`Z n‡qwQj| 1927 mv‡j nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv bxwZ cÖKvwkZ nq hv †evi‡K LyeB Avðh© K‡iwQj| GKB †ccv‡i GB AwðqZvbxwZ ‡Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v e¨venvi bv K‡i K¬vwm‡Kj ejwe`¨v †_‡K †ei Kiv hvq Zv †`Lvb| bZzb †Kvqv›Uvg c`v_© hv AvBbóvBb wb‡RB A‡bK dg~©‡jkb K‡i‡Q Zv †_‡KB K¬vwm‡Kj c`v_©weÁvb Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wZuwb cQ›` K‡ib| Z‡e †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v cieZ©x‡Z me‡P‡q Av‡jvPbvg~jK welq n‡qwM‡qwQj hv wb‡q wewfbœ weÁvbxMb wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb|
1929 weUv ¶q Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q hv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, Òkw³ msi¶Y bxwZ wVK bqÓ †evi e‡jwQ‡jb| wKš‘ weÁvbx Gbwi‡Kv dvwgi nvB‡cv‡_wU‡Kj Kbv ÒwbDUª‡bvÓ cieZ©x‡Z dvqvi wbDUªb Avw¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g Ab¨ai‡bi e¨vL¨v †`b| c‡i †evi AbycªvwbZ n‡q K¤úvDÛ wbDwK¬hAm ZË¡ †`b hv Øviv wbDUªb wKfv‡e wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| GB g‡W‡j ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wbDUªb ÒZij †dvUvqÓ gZ wbDwK¬qv‡m wWdig nq GB KvRwU K‡ib ‡Wwbk weÁvbx KviKvi mv‡_ whwb 1938 mv‡j nVvr gviv hvb|
wbDwK¬qvi wdkb (†h wewµqvi gva¨‡g †evgv evbv‡bv nq) wewµqv Avwe¯‹v‡ii ci c`v_© weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ LyeB Drmvn nj Ges †evi mv‡_ mv‡_ BDbvB‡UW †óU‡d Lei †cŠwQ‡q w`j †hLv‡b dvwg©i mv‡_ 50 Zg IqvwksUb m‡¤^jb n‡qwQj| Zvici †evi ejj †h, Av¯’vš—i †gŠjmg~‡ni mdj inm¨ eySv hv‡e wKš‘ cÖv‡RK ejj †h wbDUªb wKfv‡e kw³ mÂq K‡i Zv H fv‡e eySv hv‡e bv| Zvici wKQy¶b ci †evi wPš—v K‡i ej‡jb †h Zvi wjKzBW Wªcg‡WÝ Øviv me eY©bv Kiv hv‡e| BD‡iwbqvg 235 †gŠjwU wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqv N‡U| 1940 mv‡j weÁvcbx eywbs e‡jb †ev‡ii ZË¡ wVK Av‡Q| hv cieZ©x‡Z ÒwbDwK¬qvi †gKvwbRg Ae wdKkbÓ bv‡g †ccvi cÖKvwkZ nq|
Rvgv©bxi bvrmx evwnbxi DÌv‡bi Kvi‡b A‡bK weÁ †jvKRb Rvgv©b †_‡K cvwj‡q Ab¨ †`‡k P‡j hvb Gi cÖavb Kvib n‡”Q Zvu‡`i †KD †KD RyBk A_ev bvrmx‡`i wec¶ ivR‰bwZK `j| 1933 mv‡j iK‡djvi dvD‡Ûkb kibv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wKQy Znwej msMÖnK‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ †evi iK‡djvi dvD‡Ûk‡bi mfvcwZi mv‡_ K_v e‡jb| †evi kibv_©x‡`i Rb¨ ¶b¯’vqx KvR wVK K‡i †`b Ges GB Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv †`Iqv nZ| †evi hv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ n‡”Q †dwj• eK, †Rgm d«v¼, RR© wW n¨vfqwm‡q, A‡Uv wd¬¯‹ Av‡ivI A‡b‡KB|
BD‡iwbqvg e¨venvi K‡i cvigvbweK †evgv evbv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i †evi LyeB Dw×Mœ wQ‡jb wKš‘ BD‡iwbqvg wb¯‹vkb Kiv GZ mnR n‡e Zv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| 1941 mv‡j †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m Rvgv©b cvigvwbeK kw³ cÖK‡íi cÖavb weÁvbx nvB‡RbevM©, †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b †ev‡ii mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib| wgwUs PjvKvjxY mg‡q nvB‡RbevM© †evi wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ evwn‡i wM‡q Avjv`vfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡ib wKš‘ Zvuiv GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ibwb| nvB‡RbevM© hLb e³e¨Kvjxb cvigvwbeK kw³, hy× I kvwš— wb‡q K_v ejwQ‡jb ZLb weÁvbx †evi Zvui cÖwZev` Rvbvb Kvib nvB‡RbeMv© Zvi wbR¯^ AwfgZ Rvbvb wb| nvB‡Rbev‡M©i GKRb QvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb †h Av‡jvPbv g~j KviY n‡”Q Ò Kvj© †d¬WwiL fbÓ whwb weª‡Ub Ges Rvgv©bxi g‡a¨ kvwš—i Rb¨ ‡Póv Ki‡Z‡Q|
1917 mv‡j nvB‡RbevM© eivU© Rv܇KwU wjL‡jb ZLb Aek¨ ievU© Zvi AvZ¥Rxebx †jLvq e¨¯— wQ‡jb| nvB‡RbevM© e¨vL¨A Ki‡jb †h, hLb wZwb ‡Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb cwi`k©‡b wQ‡jb hvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj †evimn Ab¨vb¨ Rvgv©Y weÁvbx‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i cvigvbweK A¯¿ ˆZix Kiv| †m‡nZz `yB c¶ †_‡KB weÁvbx‡`i Dci GB e¨vcv‡i LyeB Pvc| †evi weÁvbx R‡¼i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kij ZLb Aek¨ Rv¼ †Wwbk GKwU eB eY©bv Ki‡ZwQj Ges nvB‡RbevM©‡K GKwU wPwV wjLj †h, nvB‡Rbev‡M©i †Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb cwi`k©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ‡evi eyS‡Z cv‡iwb, Z‡e Rvgv©bx hy‡×Rqx n‡e Ges cvigvbweK A¯¿ evbv‡bv P~ovš—| GBme gš—‡e¨ †evi e¨w_Z n‡qwQj|
g¨vbnvUb cÖKít
1943 mv‡j †evi Gi Zvui fvB †nivì ïb‡Z †cj †h, bvrmx evwnbxiv Zv‡`i‡K Bûw` m‡›`n Ki‡Z‡Q †m‡nZz Zvui gv G‡jb GWjvi †evi wQ‡jb GKRb Bûw`, cieZ©x‡Z Zvuiv †ek SzwKi gy‡L c‡o †M‡jb| †Wwbkiv †evi Ges Zvui ¯¿x‡K mgy`ª c‡_ myB‡W‡b cvwj‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡jb| Bûw` †`i‡K myB‡W‡b Avkªq †`Iqvi Rb¨ †evi ivRv DImZvd‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib| 1943 Gi 2iv A‡±vei myBwWk †iwWI cÖPvi Kij †h, myB‡Wb Bûw` kibv_©x‡`i Avkªq †`Iqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z| †evi Nv‡U †b‡g Bûw`‡`i‡K D×vi K‡i Zv‡`i‡K myB‡W‡b cvVvb Ges H mgq †m Zvi †`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ A‡bK wKQy K‡ib| mvZ nvRv‡ii I †ekx ‡Wwk Bûw`‡`i myB‡W‡b cvjvb| hLb †ev‡ii cvjv‡bvi Lei e„‡U‡b †cŠQj ZLb jW© PvwP©j †evi‡K e„‡U‡b Avmvi Rb¨ †UwjMÖvg K‡ib| †evi‡K D”P MwZm¤úbœ wegvb wW nvwej¨v‡Û K‡i ¯‹Uj¨vÛ †_‡K e„‡U‡b wb‡q hvq e„wUk Ifvimxm Gqvi c_ Ki‡cv‡ikb| H wegvbwU LyeB D”P MwZm¤úbœ Z‡e GwU Øviv memgq Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †jvK‡`i‡K enbKivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nZ| Gi we‡kl ¸b n‡”Q mgy`ª c„ó †_‡K A‡bK D”PZv w`‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i| Rvgv©b ZLb biI‡q‡Z Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i ZvB Rvgv©Y hy×v‡`i †PvL Gov‡bvi Rb¨ GwU e¨envi Kiv nZ| H d¬vB‡Ui mgq †evi Kvi d¬¨vBs †njg¨vU c‡o bvB| d‡j †m cvBj‡Ui B›UviK‡gi mv‡_ ms‡hvM nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| d‡j iiI‡qi Dci w`‡q hvIqvi mgq Aw•‡Rb `iKvi nZ Zv cvBjU‡K ej‡Z cviwQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z †ev‡ii cyÎ Av‡M †evi Zvi evev‡K Abyhvq K‡i c‡ii mßv‡n e„‡U‡b P‡j G‡m‡Q|
Rb AvÛvimb Ges †Rgm P¨vDWDK †evi‡K Lye Avš—wiKfv‡e MÖnY K‡ib Z‡e †ev‡ii wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y †evi wKQyUv P¶z Aš—iv‡j _v‡Kb| Zv‡K †m›U †Rgm c¨v‡j‡m GKU AvcvU©‡g›U †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv e„wUk wUDe A¨vjq cvigvbweK A¯¿ Dbœqb `‡ji Awdm| wUDe A¨vjq Kbmvj‡U›U wnmv‡e †evi US cwi`k©‡b hvb mv‡_ Zvui mš—vb Av‡M †evi Zvi mnKvix wnmv‡e mv‡_ hvb| 1943 mv‡j 8B wW‡m¤^i †evi IqvwksUb wW.wm‡Z †cŠ‡Q g¨vbnvUb cÖK‡íi cwiPvjK weª‡MwWqvi †Rbv‡ij †jvb †MÖve‡mi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡ib| ÒBbwówUDU Ae GWfvÝ óvwW, wcÖÝU‡b I wbDRvwm„‡Z wM‡q cvDjx I AvBbóvB‡bi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib Ges wZwb P‡j hvb jm Avjvg‡m †hLv‡b cvigvbweK A¯¿ wWRvbB Kiv n‡”Q| wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y †ev‡ii QÙbvg wQj G‡Kvjvm ev‡Ki Ges Av‡M †ev‡ii Qb¥bvg wQj †Rgm ev‡Ki|
hy× †kl nIqvi ci †evi †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b 1945 mv‡ji 25 B AvMvó wd‡i Av‡mb Ges cybivq i‡qj ‡Wwbk GKv‡Wwgi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb| 1947 Gi 17 A‡±vei ivRv wµwóqv‡bi g„Zz¨i ¯§i‡Y †h mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj Zv‡Z bZzb ivRv †d«WwiL †Nvlbv w`‡jb †h, †evi‡K AW©i Ae Gwjd¨vš— A¨vIqvW© †`Iqvi Rb¨| GB A¨vIqvW© mvavib GKUv iv‡R¨i cÖavb I iqwói Rb¨ †`Iqv nq| Z‡e GB A¨vIqvW© ïay †evi‡K †`Iqv nqwb GwU †evimn †Wwbk mv‡q݇K †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
2q wek¦hy‡× †h‡nZz weÁv‡bi ¸i“Z¡ †ekx wQj we‡kl K‡i c`v‡_©i ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK wQ Kvib †evgv evbv‡bv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i me RvqMv‡ZB c`v_© weÁvb e¨venvi Ki‡Z nZ| ZvB BD‡iv‡ci †gavex c`v_© weÁvbxiv hv‡Z Av‡gwiKvq bv hvq Zvi D‡Ï‡k¨ BD‡iv‡ci 12wU †`k wg‡j mvb© (mvb© n‡”Q c„w_ex weL¨vZ cvigvwbeK M‡elbv †K›`ª) MVb K‡ib| †hwU U.S gv‡bi M‡elbvMvi| Z‡e GwU †Kv_vq ˆZix Kiv n‡e Zv wb‡q †ek mskq †`Lvw`‡qwQj| †evi Pvw”Qj GwU †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b evbv‡bv nDK wKš— Zv‡Z Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv ivwR nb wb| cieZ©x‡Z †R‡bfv‡e mwVK RvqMv wnmv‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wf±i I‡qmKd mv‡b©i 1g gnvcwiPvjK wnmv‡e ØvwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
BwZg‡a¨ †¯‹Ûv‡bwfqvb †`k¸‡jv 1957 mv‡j †evi‡K †Pqvig¨Ab K‡i biwWK BbvwówyU Ae w_I‡iwUK¨vj wdwR• MVb K‡i| †evi ‡Wwbk cvigvbweK kw³ Kwgkb‡bi cÖwZôvKvjxY mg‡q hy³ wQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z †Pqvig¨vb wnmv‡e ØvwqZ¡cvjb K‡ib|
1962 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤^‡ii 18 ZvwiL †evi nvU© ‡dBjy‡i Zvi Kvj©mev‡Mi evmvq gviv hvb| Zvi cvwievwiK Kei¯’v‡b evev gv Zvi fvB †nivì Ges Zvui cyÎ wµwóqv‡bi Ke‡ii cv‡k Zv‡K mgvwaZ Kiv nq| GKeQi ci Zvui ¯¿xi f¯§ I HLv‡b Zvi cv‡k mgvwnZ Kiv nq| Zvui 80 Zg Rb¥w`‡b Zvui Bbw÷wUDUwU cybivq bvgKib K‡i †evi BbwówUDU Kiv nj| ]]}}
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