উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা/জীবনী

এই পাতায় কিছু নির্দেশিকা দেয়া আছে যাতে জীবনী নিবন্ধ এবং অন্যান্য নিবন্ধের জীবনীসংক্রান্ত তথ্যগুলো লেখায় প্রমিত মান বজায় থাকে। এই প্রমিত নিয়মে উইকিপিডিয়া ব্যবহার সহজতর হবে।

ভূমিকা অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা

এই অংশে ভূমিকা অনুচ্ছেদের রচনি নির্দেশিকা অনুসরণ করতে হবে: এখানে ব্যক্তির নিরপেক্ষ পরিচয় দেয়া হবে, প্রাসঙ্গিক কথা থাকবে এবং তার উল্লেখযোগ্যতা তুলে ধরা হবে। সাধারণত এতে থাকবে:

  1. নাম এবং পদবী, যদি থাকে;
  2. জন্ম ও মৃত্যুর তারিখ, জানা থাকলে, তারিখ লেখার পদ্ধতি দেখুন রচনি:তারিখ ও সংখ্যা;
  3. প্রসঙ্গকথা (আবাস বা জাতীয়তা);
  4. ব্যক্তির উল্লেখযোগ্য পদ, কর্ম বা ভূমিকা;
  5. ব্যক্তিটি কেন উল্লেখযোগ্য

উদাহরণ:

  • সপ্তম ক্লিওপেট্রা ফিলোপেটর (ইংরেজি: Cleopatra VII Philopator; ডিসেম্বর ৭০ খ্রিস্টপূর্ব/জানুয়ারি ৬৯ খ্রিস্টপূর্ব – আগস্ট ১২, ৩০ খ্রিস্টপূর্ব), ইতিহাসে কেবল ক্লিওপেট্রা নামে পরিচিত, ছিলেন প্রাচীন মিশরের সর্বশেষ সক্রিয় ফারাও। তিনি ছিলেন প্রাচীন মিশরীয় টলেমিক বংশের সদস্য এবং ...
  • ফ্রাঞ্চেসকো পেত্রারকা বা পেত্রার্ক (১৩০৪-১৩৭৪) ছিলেন একজন ইতালীয় পন্ডিত, কবি এবং মানবতাবাদী। তিনিই প্রথম রেনেসাঁস শব্দটি ব্যবহার করেন এবং ইতিহাসে অন্ধকার যুগ সম্পর্কে ধারণা দেন ...
  • সিজার এস্ট্রাডা শ্যাভেজ (মার্চ ৩১, ১৯২৭ – এপ্রিল ২৩, ১৯৯৩) ছিলেন একজন আমেরিকান শ্রমিক নেতা এবং নাগরিক অধিকারকর্মী। তিনি এবং ডলোরাস হুয়ের্টা গড়ে তোলেন জাতীয় খামারকর্মী সমিতি ...
  • হোর্হে লুইস বোর্হেস (স্পেনীয়: Jorge Luis Borges (  audio);আগস্ট ২৪, ১৮৯৯ - জুন ১৪, ১৯৮৬), পূর্ণ নাম হোর্হে ফ্রান্সইস্কো ইসইদোরো লুইস বোর্হেস আসেবেদো (Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo) একজন প্রথিতযশা আর্জেন্টিনীয় সাহিত্যিক। বিংশ শতাব্দীর সবচাইতে কৃতি ও প্রভাবশালী লেখকদের মাঝে তাকে গণ্য করা হয়।

জন্মের তারিখ ও স্থান সম্পাদনা

আলোচ্য ব্যক্তির জন্ম ও মৃত্যুতারিখ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ তথ্য। তবে যদি মূল অংশেও তা উল্লেখিত হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে শুরুতে ব্যক্তির নামের পর বন্ধনীর ভেতর শুধু বছর পরিসীমা দেয়াই যথেষ্ট। জন্ম ও মৃত্যুস্থান জানা থাকলে মূল অংশে উল্লেখ করতে হবে, তবে ব্যক্তির উল্লেখযোগ্যতার সাথে সম্পর্ক থাকলে ভূমিকাংশেও দেয়া যাবে; কিন্তু তা প্রথম বাক্যের জন্ম-মৃত্যুতারিখের সাথে বন্ধনীর ভেতর লেখা উচিত নয়।

প্রসঙ্গকথা সম্পাদনা

অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রে এতে থাকে ব্যক্তি কোন দেশের নাগরিক, তার জাতিগত বা স্থায়ী আবাসস্থল কোথায় ইত্যাদি। সাধারণত, ব্যক্তির উল্লেখযোগ্যতার সাথে সম্পর্ক না থাকলে তার উপজাতি, ধর্মবিশ্বাস বা যৌন অভিরুচি এখানে উল্লেখ করা হয় না।

পদ ও ভূমিকা সম্পাদনা

সূচনা বাক্যে ব্যক্তির বর্ণনা হবে নির্ভরযোগ্য উৎসের মতো। প্রথম অনুচ্ছেদে থাকবে ব্যক্তির উল্লেখযোগ্য অবস্থান বা তিনি যে ভূমিকা পালন করছেন তার বর্ণনা। ভূমিকা অনুচ্ছেদটি বিভিন্ন তুচ্ছ প্রসঙ্গ দিয়ে ভারাক্রান্ত করবেন না; বরং গুরুত্বসহকারে দেখান যে, কী কাজের জন্যে ব্যক্তিটি উল্লেখযোগ্য। কাকতালীয় বা অনুল্লেখ্য ঘটনা উত্থাপন করা উচিত নয়।

প্রথম উল্লেখ সম্পাদনা

নিবন্ধের আলোচ্য ব্যক্তি যে নামে পরিচিত, নিবন্ধের শিরোনাম সেই নামে হলেও, নিবন্ধের সূচনা বাক্যে আলোচ্য ব্যক্তির পূর্ণ নাম দিতে হবে। যদিও অনেকে দেশে দৈনন্দিন জীবনে পূর্ণ নাম ব্যবহারের নিয়ম নেই, নিবন্ধের সূচনা বাক্যে আলোচ্য ব্যক্তির পূর্ণ নাম থাকা আবশ্যক। While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name, if known, should be given in the lead sentence (including middle names, if known, or middle initials). Many cultures have a tradition of not using the full name of a person in everyday reference, but the article should start with the complete version. For example:

In some cases, subjects have legally changed their names at some point after birth. In these cases the birth name should be given as well:

  • (from Jack Benny): Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) ...
  • (from Bill Clinton): William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) ...

In the case of transgender and non-binary people, birth names should be included in the lead sentence only when the person was notable prior to coming out. One can introduce the name with either "born" or "formerly":

  • (from Laverne Cox, not notable prior to coming out) Laverne Cox (born May 29) ...
  • (from Chelsea Manning, notable prior to coming out) Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) ...

কুমারী নাম সম্পাদনা

It is common to give the maiden name (birth name) of a woman better known under her married name, for example:

  • Lucy Washington (née Payne, আনু. 1772 – 1846), widow of Major George Steptoe Washington ...

An alternative form, Lucy (Payne) Washington, is also widely accepted.

A woman should be referred to by her most commonly used name, which will not necessarily include her husband's surname (last name). But if her most commonly used name does include her husband's surname, and you're discussing a period of her life before her marriage, it is often best to refer to her by her maiden name. (Otherwise you get sentences like "Clinton met Clinton while they were students at Yale ...".)

পরিবর্তিত নাম সম্পাদনা

If a person is named in an article in which they are not the subject, they should be referred to by the name they were using at the time of the mention rather than a name they may have used before or after the mention. However, see MOS:IDENTITY.

বংশগত বা শাসনকালীন উপাধি সম্পাদনা

Using Jr., Sr., or other such distinctions as a disambiguation technique is advised only for cases in which the name with the suffix is well-attested in reliable sources. Otherwise, explain in longer form which party is meant, e.g. The younger Jackson was elected mayor of Wolverham in 1998.

Omission of the comma before Jr., Jr, or Jnr, and Sr., Sr, or Snr, is preferred. The comma can be used in cases where it is clearly and consistently preferred for a particular subject in current, reliable sources (most likely a living subject whose own preference is clear and consistent). Articles should be internally consistent in either omission or use of the comma for any given person's name.

In running text, if a comma is used before the suffix, then a comma (or equivalent[১]) is also placed after it (Neil Brown, Jr., is an American actor; Christy O'Connor Jnr was an Irish professional golfer).

When the surname is shown first, the suffix follows the given name, as Kennedy, John F. Jr. When the given name is omitted, omit the suffix—Kennedy, not Kennedy Jr.—except where the context requires disambiguation.

Do not place a comma before a Roman numeral name suffix, whether it is patronymic or regnal: use Otis D. Wright II met Elizabeth II, not Otis D. Wright, II, met Elizabeth, II.

ছদ্মনাম, মঞ্চ নাম, এবং প্রচলিত নাম সম্পাদনা

For people who are best known by a pseudonym, the legal name should usually appear first in the article, followed closely by the pseudonym. Follow this practice even if the article itself is titled with the pseudonym:

  • Louis Bert Lindley Jr. (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by the stage name Slim Pickens ...

Investigation may sometimes be needed to determine whether a subject known usually by a pseudonym has actually changed their legal name to match. Reginald Kenneth Dwight formally changed his name to Elton Hercules John early in his musical career. Where this is not the case, and where the subject uses a popular form of their name in everyday life, then care must be taken to avoid implying that a person who does not generally use all their forenames or who uses a familiar form has actually changed their name. Do not write, for example "John Edwards (born Johnny Reid Edwards, June 10, 1953) ...". It is not always necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. However, provide a short explanation if a person uses a non-standard contraction of their name, for example "Timothy Allen Dick, known professionally as Tim Allen ..." or "Prince Rogers Nelson, known mononymously as Prince ...".

রাজকীয় উপাধি সম্পাদনা

Most European royal families do not have surnames. Many that do have different personal surnames from the name of their royal house. For example, different members of the House of Windsor have a range of surnames: Windsor, Mountbatten-Windsor, etc., and senior royals do not normally use a surname at all. Similarly, the House of Habsburg is different from the surnames of some members of the Habsburg/Habsburg-Lorraine family.

Incorporate surnames in the opening line of an article, if they are known, and if they are in normal use. But do not automatically presume that a name of a royal family is the personal surname of its members. In many cases it is not. For visual clarity, articles on royalty should begin with the form "{royal title} {name} {ordinal if appropriate} (full name – including surname if known, except for monarchs)" with the full name unformatted and the rest in bold (3 apostrophes). In practice, this means for example an article on Sweden's King Carl XVI Gustaf should begin "Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus)". Using this format displays the most important information clearly without an unattractive excess of formatting. Other information on royal titles should be listed where appropriate in chronological order.

শিক্ষাগত উপাধি সম্পাদনা

শিক্ষাগত ও পেশাগত পদবি/উপাধি (যেমন, ড., অধ্যাপক, ব্যারিস্টার ইত্যাদি ) ব্যবহার করা যাবে না। Verifiable facts about how the person attained such titles should be included in the article text instead. In cases where the person is widely known by a pseudonym or stage name containing such a title (whether earned or not), it may be included in the pseudonym as described above (e.g. Ruth Westheimer, better known as Dr. Ruth ...). Post-nominal letters indicating academic degrees (including honorary degrees) should not be included following the subject's name in the first line (although they may occasionally be used in articles where the person with the degree is not the subject, to clarify their qualifications).

উদাহরণ:

নামের পরে সংযুক্ত বর্ণগুচ্ছ সম্পাদনা

Post-nominal letters, other than those denoting academic degrees, should be included in the lead section when they are issued by a country or widely recognizable organization with which the subject has been closely associated. Honors issued by other entities may be mentioned in the article, but should generally be omitted from the lead.

Post-nominal letters should either be separated from the name by a comma and each set divided by a comma, or no commas should be used at all. If a baronetcy or peerage is held then commas should always be used for consistency's sake, as the former are separated from the name by a comma.

When an individual holds a large number of post-nominal letters, or seldom uses their post-nominal letters (for instance because they hold a much "higher" style, like Charles, Prince of Wales), post-nominal letters should be omitted from the lead, and their titles described in the main body of the article.

Post-nominal initials signifying honours awarded by the United Kingdom (e.g. KCB, CBE) may be used as soon as they are gazetted; investiture is not necessary.

Formatting post-nominals সম্পাদনা

Editors should remember that the meaning of the most obvious (to them) post-nominal initials will not be obvious to some readers. When post-nominal initials are used, the meaning should be readily available to the reader. This is most easily done using the {{post-nominals}} template:
     '''Joe Bloggs''' {{post-nominals|VC|OBE}} gives:  Joe Bloggs VC OBE.
This has several benefits, including auto-linking to the appropriate article for any acronym supported by the (easily expanded) template, using HTML's <abbr>...</abbr> markup to provide a mouse-over tooltip expanding the acronym.

At the least, use a piped link to an article with the appropriate title, e.g.:
     '''Joe Bloggs''', [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] gives:  Joe Bloggs, VC, OBE.
This ensures that readers who hover over the initials see the target article's URL as a hint and in the status bar at the bottom of the window.

If there is nothing to link to, and a redlink is unlikely to result in eventual creation of an article, use the {{abbr}} template to explain the acronym.

Editors should recognise that there is an accessibility issue with relying on such tooltip cues, as readers may be using touch-sensitive devices or assistive technology that does not utilize mouse-cursor hovering. Readers who click immediately on the link, missing tooltips, ought to arrive at a short article with the definition clear and near the start.

সম্মানসূচক উপাধি সম্পাদনা

নামের পূর্বে যুক্ত সম্মানসূচক উপাধি সম্পাদনা

In general, styles and honorifics should not be included in front of the name, but may be discussed in the article. In particular, this applies to:

There are some exceptions:

  • Where an honorific is so commonly attached to a name that the name is rarely found in English reliable sources without it, it should be included. For example, the honorific may be included for "Father Coughlin" (currently at Charles Coughlin) and Mother Teresa.
  • Where a female historical figure is consistently referred to using the name of her husband and her birth name is unknown. For example, an honorific may be used for "Mrs. Alfred Jones".
  • The prenominals Sir, Dame, Lord and Lady are discussed in the "Honorific Titles" section below. Honorary knights and dames are not entitled to "Sir" or "Dame", only the post-nominal letters.
  • In Burmese names, honorifics may be preserved if they are part of the normal form of address, even for ordinary people. See U Thant for an example.

The inclusion of some honorific prefixes and styles is controversial. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) for use in article titles.

সম্মানসূচক উপাধি সম্পাদনা

The honorific titles Sir, Dame, Lord and Lady are included in the initial reference and infobox heading for the subject of a biographical article, but are optional after that. The title is placed in bold in the first use of the name. Except for the initial reference and infobox, do not add honorific titles to existing instances of a person's name where they are absent, because doing so implies that the existing version is incorrect (similar in spirit to the guideline on British vs. U.S. English spelling). Similarly, honorific titles should not be deleted when they are used throughout an article unless there is consensus. Where the use of an honorific title is widely misunderstood, this can be mentioned in the article; see, for example, Bob Geldof. Honorific titles used with forenames only (such as "Sir Elton", "Sir David", "Dame Judi") should be avoided unless this form is so heavily preferred in popular usage that the use of the surname alone would render the entire name unrecognizable.

Note that titles signifying honours awarded by the United Kingdom (i.e. Sir, Dame) may be used as soon as they are gazetted. Investiture is not necessary.

Subsequent use সম্পাদনা

After the initial mention of any name, the person should generally be referred to by surname only, without an honorific prefix such as "Mx", "Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", or "Ms", or by a pronoun. For example:

Fred Smith was a Cubist painter in the 15th century. He moved to Genoa, where he met singer Jane Doe. Smith and Doe later married.

However, where a person does not have a surname but a patronymic (like many Icelanders, some Mongols, and those historical persons who are known by names-and-patronymics instead of surnames), then the proper form of reference is usually the given name. (See also Country-specific usage below.) For example:

Iceland's Prime Minister is Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir. Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978.

Generally speaking, subjects should not be referred to by their given name. The use of the given name gives the impression that the writer knows the subject personally, which is not relevant – even if true. Exceptions include royalty, e.g. "Prince Charles" or "Charles".

A member of the nobility may be referred to by title if that form of address would have been the customary way to refer to him or her; for example Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, may become "the Earl of Leicester", "the Earl", or just "Leicester" in subsequent mentions. Be careful not to give someone a title too soon; for example, one should use "Robert Dudley" or "Dudley" when describing events before his elevation to the peerage in 1564.

People who are best known by a pseudonym should be subsequently referred to by their pseudonymous surnames, unless they do not include a recognizable surname in the pseudonym (e.g. Sting, Snoop Dogg, the Edge), in which case the whole pseudonym is used. For people well known by one-word names, nicknames or pseudonyms, but who often also use their legal names professionally – e.g., musician/actors André Benjamin ("André 3000"), Jennifer Lopez ("J.Lo"); doctor/broadcaster Drew Pinsky ("Dr. Drew") – use the legal surname. Otherwise, their mononym is to be used (e.g. Aaliyah, Selena, Usher, and Madonna).

For people with academic or professional titles, subsequent mentions should omit them. For example, use "Asimov", "Hawking", and "Westheimer"; not "Dr. Asimov", "Professor Hawking", or "Dr. Ruth".

Country-specific usage সম্পাদনা

  • Burmese names are personal names that consist of one or more words, with no patronymic or surname. Always use the full form of the person's name. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese).
  • Eritrean and Ethiopian people are almost always referred to by their given name as they do not have a family name. There are some rare exceptions to this: where the person—usually a member of the later generations of the Eritrean diaspora or Ethiopian diaspora—has adopted the patronymic as a formal family name. Consider using the template {{Patronymic name}}.
  • In Southeast Asia, many people use only a personal name, which may be followed by a patronymic; they should be referred to by their personal name.
  • Mongolian people are referred to by their given name, with their patronymic placed in front of it, usually in genitive case. There are no family names. For more details, see Mongolian name and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian); consider placing {{Mongolian name}}.
  • Thai people are often referred to by their first name (i.e. given name) without a family name, even in formal situations. Hence, on second and subsequent mentions, they should be referred to by their first name.
  • In Vietnam, given names also have the priority over family names. The given name, not the surname, should be used to refer to the person. However, note that the given name is always placed after the family name, following the East Asian naming scheme, even when translated to European languages.

Also see Wikipedia:Categorization of people#Sort by surname on the proper sorting of these names.

People with the same surname সম্পাদনা

To distinguish between people with the same surname in the same article or page, use given names or complete names to refer to each of the people upon first mention. For subsequent uses, refer to the people by given names for clarity and brevity. When referring to the person who is the subject of the article, use just the surname unless the reference is part of a list of family members or if use of the surname alone will be confusing.

Source citations, bibliographies, and in-text attributions usually include names of authors and others. Consider them when checking for people with the same surname. While citations and bibliographies should use full names even in subsequent mentions (if full names are the style for citations and bibliographies in the article), the body of an article should not unless confusion could result.

For example, in the text of an article on Ronald Reagan:

Correct: Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately; Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.
Correct: The Reagans arrived separately; Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.
Incorrect:    Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately; Ronald Reagan by helicopter and Nancy Reagan by car.

In the text of an article about the Brothers Grimm:

Correct: Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother, Wilhelm.
Incorrect:    Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother, Wilhelm Grimm.

If an article about Jane Doe has attributions to books by Bob Doe and Will Doe, subsequent mentions will need given or full names.

If an article mentions both Andrea Dworkin and Ronald Dworkin, who are unrelated but might be in the same article because he wrote about her work, for subsequent mentions it would usually be correct to refer to them by full names or sometimes by given names.

Names confused with common words and well-known single names সম্পাদনা

Some names look like common words that are usually capitalized or like well-known single names. Subsequent mentions of those full names should be with given or full names. Examples include religious words and names (e.g., Lord, Christ, Moses, and Mohammed [the last with various spellings]).

পেশাগত পদবী সম্পাদনা

When used to describe the occupation, apply lower case; such as: (de Gaulle was a French president; Louis XVI was a French king; Three prime ministers attended the conference).

When used as part of a person's title, begin such words with a capital letter (President Obama, not president Obama). Standard or commonly used names of an office are treated as proper nouns (The British Prime Minister is Theresa May; Hirohito was Emperor of Japan; Louis XVI was King of France). Royal styles are capitalized (Her Majesty; His Highness); exceptions may apply for particular offices.

উইকিপিডিয়া:জীবিত ব্যক্তির জীবনী লেখা উচিত বর্তমান কালে, আর মৃত ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে অতীত কালে। ব্যক্তির মৃত্যু হলে তার পুরো জীবনী-নিবন্ধে কালগত পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। যদি জীবিত ব্যক্তি অবসর নেন তাহলে লিখতে হবে "প্রাক্তন", "সাবেক" বা "অবসরপ্রাপ্ত"।

সঠিকমুহাম্মদ আলী (১৯৪২–২০১৬) ছিলেন একজন মুষ্টিযোদ্ধা;...
সঠিকমুহাম্মদ আলী (জন্ম ১৯৪২) একজন সাবেক মুষ্টিযোদ্ধা;...
ভুলমুহাম্মদ আলী (জন্ম ১৯৪২) ছিলেন একজন মুষ্টিযোদ্ধা;...

সব জীবনীতেই ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা অতীত কালে লেখা উচিত:

  • আলী ১৯৭৪ ও ১৯৭৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে বিশ্ব হেভিওয়েট চ্যাম্পিয়নশিপ জিতেছিলেন।;...

তবে বাংলা ব্যকরণের নিয়মানুসারে এখানে বর্তমান কালও ব্যবহার করা যায়:

  • আলী ১৯৭৪ ও ১৯৭৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে বিশ্ব হেভিওয়েট চ্যাম্পিয়নশিপ জিতে নেন।;...

লেখক বা দার্শনিকদের রচনাবলী আলোচনায়, তাদের মৃত্যুর পরও, বর্তমান কাল ব্যবহার করা যাবে।[২] সাধারণ নীতিতে সাহিত্য, দর্শন এবং শিল্পের কোনো উক্তি বা বিবরণ লিখতে হবে নিত্যবৃত্ত বর্তমানে।

সময়োত্তীর্ণ উপাদান সম্পাদনা

It is best to avoid time-dependent statements, which can often be creatively rewritten anyway. When making any statements about current events, use the "As of" template; for example, "as of April 2011" or "in April 2011". If you're giving a precise date range from the past to the present, as with a living person's age or career, you may use the "Age" template. The article subject's age can also be calculated in the infobox.

There is no need to add "deceased" to a person's article, or those in which they are mentioned. If they have their own article, this should already be sourced. Otherwise, it is unnecessary.

খেয়াল রাখতে হবে যেন ব্যক্তির যৌন বৈশিষ্ট্যের দিকে অত্যধিক গুরুত্ব দেয়া না হয়।

কর্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্রণ সম্পাদনা

Place at the foot of biographies (immediately above {{DEFAULTSORT}}, if present). Add authority control identifiers (VIAF, ISNI, ORCID, etc) in the subject's Wikidata entry, from where they will be automatically transcluded into the template.

আরো দেখুন সম্পাদনা

তথ্যসূত্র সম্পাদনা

  1. When Jr. or the like is preceded by a comma, it must be followed by a comma, or by a grammatical replacement including semicolon, colon, period/stop, exclamation point, question mark, dash or ellipsis, as dictated by the sentence structure. Do not "double up" punctuation ungrammatically. The second comma is used before a quotation following the name. Usage of the comma with possessives and parentheses (brackets) – Neil Brown, Jr.'s early life, or Neil Brown, Jr. (an American actor) – is disputed in style and usage guides, so such constructions should usually be avoided. If the first comma is used, include the second before a parenthetical if that comma would be present had the parenthetical not been inserted, as in the opening sentence of the lead section of an article: Cornelius C. "Neil" Brown, Jr., (born June 19, 1980) is ....
  2. "How (and Why) Do I Write in Literary Present Tense?" (পিডিএফ)রাইটিং স্টুডিও। ভ্যানডারবিল্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। ১৭ জুলাই ২০০৮। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩ জুলাই ২০১৪ 

বহিঃসংযোগ সম্পাদনা